WordNet

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area (同)wood, woods
land that is covered with trees and shrubs (同)woodland, timberland, timber
situated at or toward the bow of a vessel
near or toward the bow of a ship or cockpit of a plane; "the captain went fore (or forward) to check the instruments" (同)forward
the wood of broad-leaved dicotyledonous trees (as distinguished from the wood of conifers)
covered with forest; "efforts to protect forested lands of the northwest"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉(広い地域にわたる)『森林』,山林 / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(…の)林《+『of』+『名』》
(乗り物の)前部の,前方の / 船首に,(へ) / 前部,前面
(カシ・マホガニーなど材質の堅い)堅木(かたぎ)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/01 14:50:14」(JST)

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Temperate mixed forest in Yunnan, southwest China

Mixed forests are a temperate and humid biome. The typical structure of these forests includes four layers. The uppermost layer is the canopy composed of tall mature trees ranging from 30 to 61 m (100 to 200 ft) high. Below the canopy is the three-layered, shade-tolerant understory that is roughly 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 ft) shorter than the canopy. The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees, saplings, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer, composed of low growing woody plants. Typically the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.

Trees

In the Northern hemisphere, characteristic dominant broadleaf trees in this biome include oaks (Quercus spp.), beeches (Fagus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), and birches (Betula spp.).^[1] The term "mixed forest" comes from the inclusion of coniferous trees as a canopy component of these forests. Typical coniferous trees include: Pines (Pinus spp.), firs (Abies spp.), and spruces (Picea spp.). In some areas of this biome the conifers may be a more important canopy species than the broadleaf species. In the Southern hemisphere, endemic genera such as Nothofagus and Eucalyptus occupy this biome.

Climate

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests occur in areas with distinct warm and cool season, which give it a moderate annual average temperature—3 to 15.6 °C (37 to 60 °F). These forests occur in relatively warm and rainy climates, sometimes also with a distinct dry season. A dry season occurs in the winter in East Asia and in summer on the wet fringe of the Mediterranean climate zones. Other areas have a fairly even distribution of rainfall; annual rainfall is typically over 600 mm (24 in) and often over 1,500 mm (59 in). Temperatures are typically moderate except in parts of Asia such as Ussuriland where temperate forests can occur despite very harsh conditions with very cold winters.

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregions

Australasia

Australasia Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests v t e
Chatham Islands temperate forests	New Zealand
Eastern Australian temperate forests	Australia
Fiordland temperate forests	New Zealand
Nelson Coast temperate forests	New Zealand
Northland temperate forests	New Zealand
Northland temperate kauri forests	New Zealand
Stewart Island / Rakiura temperate forests	New Zealand
Richmond temperate forests	New Zealand
Southeast Australia temperate forests	Australia
Southland temperate forests	New Zealand
Tasmanian Central Highland forests	Australia
Tasmanian temperate forests	Australia
Tasmanian temperate rain forests	Australia
Westland temperate forests	New Zealand

Eurasia

Indomalaya Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests v t e
Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests	Bhutan, India, Nepal
Northern Triangle temperate forests	Burma
Western Himalayan broadleaf forests	India, Nepal, Pakistan

v t e Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Apennine deciduous montane forests	Italy
Atlantic mixed forests	Denmark, France, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands
Azores temperate mixed forests	Portugal
Balkan mixed forests	Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey
Baltic mixed forests	Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland
Cantabrian mixed forests	Spain, Portugal
Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests	Iran, Azerbaijan
Caucasus mixed forests	Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkey
Celtic broadleaf forests	United Kingdom, Ireland
Central Anatolian deciduous forests	Turkey
Central China loess plateau mixed forests	China
Central European mixed forests	Austria, Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Belarus, Czech Republic
Central Korean deciduous forests	North Korea, South Korea
Changbai Mountains mixed forests	China, North Korea
Changjiang Plain evergreen forests	China
Crimean Submediterranean forest complex	Russia, Ukraine
Daba Mountains evergreen forests	China
Dinaric Mountains mixed forests	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia
East European forest steppe	Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Ukraine
Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests	Turkey
English Lowlands beech forests	United Kingdom
Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests	Bulgaria, Georgia, Turkey
Hokkaido deciduous forests	Japan
Huang He Plain mixed forests	China
Madeira evergreen forests	Portugal
Manchurian mixed forests	China, North Korea, Russia, South Korea
Nihonkai evergreen forests	Japan
Nihonkai montane deciduous forests	Japan
North Atlantic moist mixed forests	Ireland, United Kingdom
Northeast China Plain deciduous forests	China
Pannonian mixed forests	Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Croatia
Po Basin mixed forests	Italy
Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests	France, Spain, Andorra
Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests	China
Rodope montane mixed forests	Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia
Sarmatic mixed forests	Russia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus
Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests	China
South Sakhalin-Kurile mixed forests	Russia
Southern Korea evergreen forests	South Korea
Taiheiyo evergreen forests	Japan
Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests	Japan
Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe	China
Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests	Russia
West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests	Russia
Western European broadleaf forests	Switzerland, Austria, France, Germany, Czech Republic
Zagros Mountains forest steppe	Iran, Arabian Peninsula

Americas

Nearctic Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests v t e
Allegheny Highlands forests	United States
Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests	United States
Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests	United States
California mixed evergreen forest	United States
Central U.S. hardwood forests	United States
East Central Texas forests	United States
Eastern forest-boreal transition	Canada, United States
Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests	Canada, United States
Florida tropical savannas	United States
Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests	Canada
Lac Saint-Jean and Saguenay valley forests	Canada
Mississippi lowland forests	United States
New England-Acadian forests	Canada, United States
Northeastern coastal forests	United States
Ozark Mountain forests	United States
Southeastern mixed forests	United States
Southeastern subtropical evergreen forests	United States
Southern Great Lakes forests	United States
Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition	United States
Western Great Lakes forests	Canada, United States
Willamette Valley forests	United States

Neotropic Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests v t e
Juan Fernandez Islands temperate forests	Chile
Magellanic subpolar forests	Argentina, Chile
San Felix-San Ambrosio Islands temperate forests (Desventuradas Islands)	Chile
Valdivian temperate rain forests	Argentina, Chile

References

^ World Wildlife Fund: Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions

External links

Temperate forest
Index of North American Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests ecoregions at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
Terraformers Canadian Forest Conservation Foundation

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