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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/01 13:20:36」(JST)

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Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) is a purine nucleoside triphosphate. It can act as a substrate for the synthesis of RNA during the transcription process or DNA during DNA replication. Its structure is similar to that of the guanine nucleobase, the only difference being that nucleotides like GTP have a ribose sugar and three phosphates, with the nucleobase attached to the 1' and the triphosphate moiety attached to the 5' carbons of the ribose.

It also has the role of a source of energy or an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions, like that of ATP, but more specific. It is used as a source of energy for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis.

GTP is essential to signal transduction, in particular with G-proteins, in second-messenger mechanisms where it is converted to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) through the action of GTPases.

Uses

Energy transfer

GTP is involved in energy transfer within the cell. For instance, a GTP molecule is generated by one of the enzymes in the citric acid cycle. This is tantamount to the generation of one molecule of ATP, since GTP is readily converted to ATP with nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK).^[1]

Genetic translation

During the elongation stage of translation, GTP is used as an energy source for the binding of a new amino-bound tRNA to the A site of the ribosome. GTP is also used as an energy source for the translocation of the ribosome towards the 3' end of the mRNA.^[2]

Microtubule dynamic instability

During microtubule polymerization, each heterodimer formed by an alpha and a beta tubulin molecule carries two GTP molecules, and the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP when the tubulin dimers are added to the plus end of the growing microtubule. Such GTP hydrolysis is not mandatory for microtubule formation, but it appears that only GDP-bound tubulin molecules are able to depolymerize. Thus, a GTP-bound tubulin serves as a cap at the tip of microtubule to protect from depolymerization; and, once the GTP is hydrolyzed, the microtubule begins to depolymerize and shrink rapidly.^[3]

Mitochondrial Function

The translocation of proteins into the mitochondria matrix involves the interactions of both GTP and ATP. The importing of these proteins plays an important role in several pathways regulated within the mitochondria organelle.^[4]

cGTP

Cyclic guanosine triphosphate (cGTP) helps cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activate cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in the olfactory system.^[5]

References

^ Berg, JM; JL Tymoczko; L Stryer (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). WH Freeman and Company. p. 476. ISBN 0-7167-4684-0.
^ Solomon, EP; LR Berg; DW Martin (2005). Biology (7th ed.). pp. 244–245.
^ Gwen V. Childs. "Microtubule structure". cytochemistry.net.
^ Sepuri, Naresh Babu V.; Norbert Schülke and Debkumar Pain (16 January 1998). "GTP Hydrolysis Is Essential for Protein Import into the Mitochondrial Matrix". Journal of Biological Chemistry (273): 1420–1424. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.3.1420. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Boron & Boulpaep (2005). Medical Physiology (Updated edition ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 90. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guanosine triphosphate.

GTP bound to proteins in the PDB

English Journal

P21-activated kinase 1 and 4 were associated with colorectal cancer metastasis and infiltration.

Song B1, Wang W2, Zheng Y3, Yang J4, Xu Z5.
The Journal of surgical research.J Surg Res.2015 Jun 1;196(1):130-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.035. Epub 2015 Feb 19.
BACKGROUND: P21-activated kinases (PAKs) are small guanosine triphosphate effectors that play critical roles in many fundamental cellular functions, including cytoskeletal reorganization and cell motility. PAKs are widely expressed in a variety of tissues and are often overexpressed in multiple canc
PMID 25791829

Tubulin structure-based drug design for the development of novel 4β-sulfur-substituted podophyllum tubulin inhibitors with anti-tumor activity.

Zhao W1, Bai JK1, Li HM1, Chen T2, Tang YJ1.
Scientific reports.Sci Rep.2015 May 11;5:10172. doi: 10.1038/srep10172.
The well-characterized anti-tubulin agent, podophyllotoxin (PTOX), with the 4'-position methoxyl group, targets the colchicines domain located between α- and β-tubulin. Two guanosine triphosphate (GTP) analogs of the tubulin-binding region were synthesized from PTOX, where a hydroxyl group was sub
PMID 25959922

Role of GTP-CHI links PAH and TH in melanin synthesis in silkworm, Bombyx mori.

Chen P1, Wang J2, Li H2, Li Y2, Chen P2, Li T2, Chen X2, Xiao J2, Zhang L2.
Gene.Gene.2015 May 7. pii: S0378-1119(15)00335-2. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.043. [Epub ahead of print]
In insects, pigment patterns are formed by melanin, ommochromes, and pteridines. Here, the effects of pteridine synthesis on melanin formation were studied using 4th instar larvae of a wild-type silkworm strain, dazao (Bombyx mori), with normal color and markings. Results from injected larvae and in
PMID 25958343

Japanese Journal

Dopamine release via the vacuolar ATPase V0 sector c-subunit, confirmed in N18 neuroblastoma cells, results in behavioral recovery in hemiparkinsonian mice

Duo Jin,Muramatsu Shin-ichi,Shimizu Nobuaki,Yokoyama Shigeru,Hirai Hirokazu,Yamada Kiyofumi,Liu Hong-Xiang,Higashida Chiharu,Hashii Minako,Higashida Akihiko,Asano Masahide,Ohkuma Shoji,Higashida Haruhiro
Neurochemistry International 61(6), 907-912, 2012-11
… Next, in the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine- lesioned mice, a model of Parkinson's disease (PD), human tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic l-amino-acid decarboxylase and guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1, together with or without ATP6V0C, were expressed in the caudoputamen for rescue. …
NAID 120004966609

The Inhibitory G Protein Gi Identified as Pertussis Toxin-Catalyzed ADP-Ribosylation

Katada Toshiaki
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35(12), 2103-2111, 2012
Pertussis toxin (PTX) produced by Bordetella pertussis was first introduced by Ui and his colleagues in research on signal transduction under the name islet-activating protein in 1979, when the mechan …
NAID 130002480519

Benzodiazepines Inhibit the Acetylcholine Receptor-Operated Potassium Current (IK.ACh) by Different Mechanisms in Guinea-pig Atrial Myocytes

OKADA Muneyoshi,MIZUNO Wataru,NAKARAI Ryu,MATADA Takashi,YAMAWAKI Hideyuki,HARA Yukio
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(7), 879-884, 2012
… The compounds, except for bromazepam, also inhibited IK.ACh activated by an intracellular loading of 100 μM guanosine 5'-[γ-thio]triphosphate (GTPγS) in a concentration-dependent manner. …
NAID 130001879781

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「GTP」「グアノシン三リン酸」「GTP cyclohydroxylase deficiency」
関連記事	「triphosphate」

「GTP」

Guanosine triphosphate
	IUPAC name [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)-3,4- dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl (hydroxy-phosphonooxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate
	Other names guanosine triphosphate, 9-β-D-ribofuranosylguanine-5'-triphosphate, 9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2-amino-6-oxo-purine-5'-triphosphate
Identifiers
CAS number	86-01-1
PubChem	6830
ChemSpider	6569
MeSH	Guanosine+triphosphate
ChEBI	CHEBI:15996
IUPHAR ligand	1742
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES c1nc2c(n1[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO[P@@](=O)(O)O[P@](=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)O)O)O)[nH]c(nc2=O)N ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1 ; Key: XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N InChI=1/C10H16N5O14P3/c11-10-13-7-4(8(18)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(17)5(16)3(27-9)1-26-31(22,23)29-32(24,25)28-30(19,20)21/h2-3,5-6,9,16-17H,1H2,(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H2,19,20,21)(H3,11,13,14,18)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1; Key: XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZBF ;
Properties
Molecular formula	C10H16N5O14P3
Molar mass	523.18 g mol−1
	Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
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	Infobox references