WordNet

cover with gravel; "We gravelled the driveway"
rock fragments and pebbles (同)crushed rock
abounding in small stones; "landed at a shingly little beach" (同)pebbly, shingly
in a grave and sober manner; "he walked soberly toward the altar" (同)soberly, staidly
perennial herb with yellow flowers; southern and south central United States (同)Verbesina helianthoides
a quarry for gravel
dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises; "a grave God-fearing man"; "a quiet sedate nature"; "as sober as a judge"; "a solemn promise"; "the judge was solemn as he pronounced sentence" (同)sedate, sober, solemn
death of a person; "he went to his grave without forgiving me"; "from cradle to grave"
a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone); "he put flowers on his mothers grave" (同)tomb
of great gravity or crucial import; requiring serious thought; "grave responsibilities"; "faced a grave decision in a time of crisis"; "a grievous fault"; "heavy matters of state"; "the weighty matters to be discussed at the peace conference" (同)grievous, heavy, weighty

PrepTutorEJDIC

砂利 / 〈道など〉‘に'砂利を敷く / 〈人〉‘を'困惑させる,まごつかせる
砂利の多い;砂利のような / (音・声が)ギシギシ(キーキー)いう
厳粛に,重々しく
『墓穴』;(一般に)埋葬所,墓 / 《しばしばthe grave》死(death);滅亡
『重大な』,容易ならない(serious) / 『まじめな』,厳粛な(solemn)
(心・記億に)…‘を'刻みつける,銘記する《+『名』+『on(upon, in)』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/26 03:39:48」(JST)

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Gravel (largest fragment in this photo is about 4 cm)

A gravel road in Terre Haute, Indiana

Gravel being unloaded from a barge

Gravel /ˈɡrævəl/ is composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments. Gravel is categorized by the Udden-Wentworth scale into granular gravel (2 to 4 mm or 0.079 to 0.157 in) and pebble gravel (4 to 64 mm or 0.2 to 2.5 in). One cubic metre of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kg (or a cubic yard weighs about 3,000 pounds).

Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Many roadways are surfaced with gravel, especially in rural areas where there is little traffic. Globally, far more roads are surfaced with gravel than with concrete or tarmac; Russia alone has over 400,000 km (250,000 mi) of gravel roads.^[1] Both sand and small gravel are also important for the manufacture of concrete.

Geological formation

Large gravel deposits are a common geological feature, being formed as a result of the weathering and erosion of rocks. The action of rivers and waves tends to pile up gravel in large accumulations. This can sometimes result in gravel becoming compacted and concreted into the sedimentary rock called conglomerate. Where natural gravel deposits are insufficient for human purposes, gravel is often produced by quarrying and crushing hard-wearing rocks, such as sandstone, limestone, or basalt. Quarries where gravel is extracted are known as gravel pits. Southern England possesses particularly large concentrations of them due to the widespread deposition of gravel in the region during the Ice Ages.

Modern production

As of 2006, the United States is the world's leading producer and consumer of gravel.^[2]^[3]

Etymology

The word gravel comes from the Breton language. In Breton, "grav" means coast. Adding the "-el" suffix in Breton denotes the component parts of something larger. Thus "gravel" means the small stones which make up such a beach on the coast. Many dictionaries ignore the Breton language, citing Old French gravele^[4] or gravelle.^[5]

Gravel often has the meaning a mixture of different size pieces of stone mixed with sand and possibly some clay. American English also allows small stones without sand mixed in also known as crushed stone.^[6]^[7]

Types

Gravel with stones sized roughly between 5 and 15 mm

Disused gravel pit in Lower Saxony, Germany

Types of gravel include:

Bank gravel: naturally deposited gravel intermixed with sand or clay found in and next to rivers and streams. Also known as "Bank run" or "River run".
Bench gravel: a bed of gravel located on the side of a valley above the present stream bottom, indicating the former location of the stream bed when it was at a higher level.
Creek rock: this is generally rounded, semi-polished stones, potentially of a wide range of types, that are dredged or scooped from river beds and creek beds. It is also often used as concrete aggregate and less often as a paving surface.
Crushed stone: rock crushed and graded by screens and then mixed to a blend of stones and fines. It is widely used as a surfacing for roads and driveways, sometimes with tar applied over it. Crushed stone may be made from granite, limestone, dolomite, and other rocks. Also known as "crusher run", DGA (Dense Grade Aggregate) QP (Quarry Process), and shoulder stone.^[8]
Fine gravel: gravel consisting of particles with a diameter of 2 to 4 mm.
Lag gravel: a surface accumulation of coarse gravel produced by the removal of finer particles.
Pay gravel: also known as "pay dirt"; a nickname for gravel with a high concentration of gold and other precious metals. The metals are recovered through gold panning.
Pea gravel: gravel that consists of small, rounded stones used in concrete surfaces. Also used for walkways, driveways and as a substrate in home aquariums.
Piedmont gravel: a coarse gravel carried down from high places by mountain streams and deposited on relatively flat ground, where the water runs more slowly.
Plateau gravel: a layer of gravel on a plateau or other region above the height at which stream-terrace gravel is usually found.

Relationship to plant life

In locales where gravelly soil is predominant, plant life is generally more sparse.^[9] This outcome derives from the inferior ability of gravels to retain moisture, as well as the corresponding paucity of mineral nutrients, since finer soils that contain such minerals are present in smaller amounts.

References

^ "1 KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY" (PDF). 1 KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
^ Mineral Commodity Summaries 2006 2009
^ Industrial Sand And Gravel (Silica): World Production, By Country 2009
^ Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 30 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website:http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gravel
^ Gravel, n., Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
^ "gravel." Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language. 2015. http://1828.mshaffer.com/d/word/gravel (8 January 2015)
^ "Gravel, n." def. 1. Whitney, William Dwight. The Century Dictionary; an Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language,. Vol. 3. New York: Century, 1889. 2607. Print.
^ http://www.braenstone.com/crushed-stone/quarry-process-qp-dga/
^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Abiotic factor. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC

External links

Media related to Gravel at Wikimedia Commons

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