WordNet

characterized by dignity and propriety (同)staid
cause to be calm or quiet as by administering a sedative to; "The patient must be sedated before the operation" (同)calm, tranquilize, tranquillize, tranquillise
a state of reduced excitement or anxiety that is induced by the administrative of a sedative agent
the administration of a sedative agent or drug (同)drugging
sink to a lower level or form a depression; "the valleys subside"
wear off or die down; "The pain subsided" (同)lessen
sink down or precipitate; "the mud subsides when the waters become calm" (同)settle
a drug that reduces excitability and calms a person (同)sedative_drug, depressant, downer
a trait of dignified seriousness (同)staidness, solemnity, solemness
in a sedate manner (同)calmly

PrepTutorEJDIC

落ち着いた,もの静かな,穏やかな / (鎮静剤で)〈人〉‘を'落ち着かせる,眠らせる
(鎮静剤で)落ち着かせること,鎮静状態
〈洪水などが〉引く;〈建物,土地などが〉沈む,落ちこむ / 量が減る,勢いが弱まる / 《話》ぐったりと腰をおろす,沈みこむ
鎮静効課のある,鎮静[作用]の / 鎮静剤

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/21 04:44:24」(JST)

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Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure. Examples of drugs which can be used for sedation include propofol, etomidate, ketamine, fentanyl, and midazolam.^[1]

Medical uses

Sedation is typically used in minor surgical procedures such as endoscopy, vasectomy, or dentistry and for reconstructive surgery, some cosmetic surgeries, removal of wisdom teeth, or for high-anxiety patients.^[2] Sedation methods in dentistry include inhalation sedation (using nitrous oxide), oral sedation, and intravenous (IV) sedation. Inhalation sedation is also sometimes referred to as relative analgesia.

Sedation is also used extensively in the intensive care unit so that patients who are being ventilated tolerate having an endotracheal tube in their trachea. Also can be used during a long term brain EEG to help patient relax.

Risks

Airway obstruction, apnea and hypotension are not uncommon during sedation and require the presence of health professionals who are suitably trained to detect and manage these problems.

Levels of sedation

Sedation scales are used in medical situations in conjunction with a medical history in assessing the applicable degree of sedation in patients in order to avoid under-sedation (the patient risks experiencing pain or distress) and over-sedation (the patient risks side effects such as suppression of breathing, which might lead to death). Typically, levels are (i) agitation, (ii) calm, (iii) responsive to voice alone, (iv) responsive to tactile stimulation, (v) responsive to painful stimulation only, and (vi) unresponsive to painful stimulation.

Examples of sedation scales include MSAT (Minnesota Sedation Assessment Tool), UMSS (University of Michigan Sedation Scale), the Ramsay Scale (Ramsay, et al. 1974) and the RASS (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale).

The American Society of Anesthesiologists defines the continuum of sedation as follows:^[3]

Minimal Sedation – Normal response to verbal stimuli.
Moderate Sedation – Purposeful response to verbal/tactile stimulation. (This is usually referred to as "conscious sedation")
Deep Sedation – Purposeful response to repeated or painful stimulation.
General Anesthesia – Unarousable even with painful stimulus.

In the United Kingdom, deep sedation is considered to be a part of the spectrum of general anesthesia, as opposed to conscious sedation.

Patient screening

Prior to any oral sedation methods being used on a patient, screening must be done to identify possible health concerns. Before using sedation, doctors try to identify any of the following that may apply:

known drug allergies and sensitivities,
hypertension
heart defects
kidney
other allergens, such as latex allergy
history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) (certain oral sedation methods may trigger a TIA)
neuromuscular disorders (such as muscular dystrophy)
a current list of medications and herbal supplements taken by the patient

A patient with any of these conditions must be evaluated for special procedures to minimize the risk of patient injury due to the sedation method.

In addition to the aforementioned precautions, patients should be interviewed to determine if they have any other condition that may lead to complications while undergoing treatment. Any head, neck, or spinal cord injuries should be noted as well as any diagnosis of osteoporosis.

References

^ Brown, TB.; Lovato, LM.; Parker, D. (Jan 2005). "Procedural sedation in the acute care setting.". Am Fam Physician 71 (1): 85–90. PMID 15663030.
^ "Sedation Dentistry for Anxious Patients". Retrieved 2014-09-11.
^ "Continuum of Depth of Sedation: Definition of general anesthesia and levels of sedation/analgesia" (pdf). American Society of Anesthesiologists. Approved October 27, 2004, amended October 21, 2009. Retrieved 2010-11-29. line feed character in |date= at position 36 (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

Sedation in the Emergency Room – Article by Steven Conrad, MD
Conscious sedation in dentistry in the UK
Standards in Conscious Sedation for Dentistry
Memory Free “Sedation/Twilight “Dentistry Joshua Hong DDS

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児に対する手術室外での鎮静処置に使用する薬剤の選択 selection of medications for pediatric procedural sedation outside of the operating room
2. 危篤状態の成人における鎮静鎮痛剤：選択、開始、維持、および離脱 sedative analgesic medications in critically ill adults selection initiation maintenance and withdrawal
3. Procedural sedation in adults outside the operating room
4. 小児に対する手術室外での鎮静処置に使用する薬剤 pharmacologic agents for pediatric procedural sedation outside of the operating room
5. 危篤状態の成人における鎮静鎮痛剤：特性、投与レジメン、および副作用 sedative analgesic medications in critically ill adults properties dosage regimens and adverse effects

English Journal

Prehospital Ketamine is a Safe and Effective Treatment for Excited Delirium in a Community Hospital Based EMS System.

Scaggs TR1, Glass DM2, Hutchcraft MG3, Weir WB1.
Prehospital and disaster medicine.Prehosp Disaster Med.2016 Oct;31(5):563-9. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X16000662. Epub 2016 Aug 12.
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PMID 27517801

Propofol Dose-Finding to Reach Optimal Effect for (Semi-)Elective Intubation in Neonates.

Smits A1, Thewissen L2, Caicedo A3, Naulaers G2, Allegaert K4.
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Knych HK1,2, Stanley SD3,4, McKemie DS3, Arthur RM5, Kass PH6.
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Edmonds RE1, Garvican ER1, Smith RK1, Dudhia J1.
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REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: To provide evidence to support recommendations regarding the co-administration of drugs with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy.OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of sedatives, local anaesthetic and corticosteroids on MSC viability and proliferation, in comparison t
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