関: Abies grandis

WordNet

the most important and magnificent in adornment; "grand ballroom"; "grand staircase"
large and impressive in physical size or extent; "the bridge is a grand structure"
any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies; chiefly of upland areas (同)fir_tree, true fir
nonresinous wood of a fir tree

PrepTutorEJDIC

『壮大な』;豪壮な / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『威厳のある』,気高い / (順位などが)最高の / 重大な,重要な / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》全体の,全部を合わせた(complete) / 《話》すてきな,すばらしい / 尊大な,うぬぼれた / =grand piano / 《米俗》1,000ドル
モミ,モミの木(クリスマスツリーに用いられる) / モミ材
発射,発砲 / 火をたくこと,(炉などの)火入れ,点火 / 燃料,薪炭
farad / forte

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/22 20:55:26」(JST)

wiki en

Abies grandis (grand fir, giant fir, lowland white fir, great silver fir, western white fir, Vancouver fir, or Oregon fir) is a fir native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California of North America, occurring at altitudes of sea level to 1,800 m. It is a major constituent of the Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion of the Cascade Range.

The tree typically grows to 40–70 m in height. There are two varieties, the taller coast grand fir, found west of the Cascade Mountains, and the shorter interior grand fir, found east of the Cascades. It was first described in 1831 by David Douglas.^[2]

It is closely related to white fir. The bark has historical medicinal properties, and it is popular in the United States as a Christmas tree. Its lumber is a softwood, and it is harvested as a hem fir. It is used in paper-making, as well as construction for framing and flooring, where it is desired for its resistance to splitting and splintering.

Description

The bottom (left) and top (right) of the foliage

The grand fir was first described by Scotch botanical explorer David Douglas, who in 1831 collected specimens of the tree along the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest.^[2]

Abies grandis is a large evergreen coniferous tree growing to 40–70 m (exceptionally 80 m) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m. The leaves are needle-like, flattened, 3–6 cm long and 2 mm wide by 0.5 mm thick, glossy dark green above, and with two green-white bands of stomata below, and slightly notched at the tip. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they all lie in two more-or-less flat ranks on either side of the shoot. On the lower leaf surface, two green-white bands of stomata are prominent. The base of each leaf is twisted a variable amount so that the leaves are nearly coplanar. Different length leaves, but all lined up in a flat plane, is a useful way to quickly distinguish this species. The cones are 6–12 cm long and 3.5–4.5 cm broad, with about 100-150 scales; the scale bracts are short, and hidden in the closed cone. The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 6 months after pollination.^[3]

Varieties

Old-growth copse in inland Oregon

There are two varieties, probably better treated at subspecies rank though not yet formally published as such:

Abies grandis var. grandis. Coast grand fir. Coastal lowland forests, at sea level to 900 m altitude, from Vancouver Island and coastal British Columbia, Canada, south to Sonoma County, California, United States. A large, very fast-growing tree to 70 m tall. Foliage strongly flattened on all shoots. Cones slightly narrower (mostly less than 4 cm broad), with thinner, fairly flexible scales. Tolerates winter temperatures down to about -25° to -30 °C; growth on good sites may exceed 1.5 m per year when young.^[3]
Abies grandis var. idahoensis. Interior grand fir. Interior forests, at (600–) 900–1800 m altitude, on the east slope of the Cascades in Washington and northern Oregon and in the Rocky Mountains from southeast British Columbia south to central Idaho, northeast Oregon and western Montana. A smaller, slow-growing tree to 40–45 m tall. Foliage not strongly flattened on all shoots, the leaves often raised above the shoot, particularly on upper crown shoots. Cones slightly stouter (mostly over 4 cm broad), with thicker, slightly woody scales. Tolerates winter temperatures down to about -40 °C; growth on good sites not exceeding 0.6 m per year even when young.^[3]

Grand fir is very closely related to white fir, with the interior variety idahoensis particularly similar to the western forms of white fir from western Oregon and California, intergrading with it where they meet in the Cascades of central Oregon.^[3]

Uses

The inner bark of the grand fir was used by some Plateau Indian tribes for treating colds and fever.^[4] The foliage has an attractive, citrus-like scent, and is sometimes used for Christmas decorations in the United States, including Christmas trees. It is also planted as an ornamental tree in large parks.

Timber

Trunk cross-section

The lumber is non-resinous and fine textured.^[2] In the North American logging industry, the grand fir is often referred to as "hem fir", with hem fir being a blanket term that can be applied to a number of species with interchangeable types of wood (specifically the California red fir, noble fir, Pacific silver fir, white fir, and western hemlock). Grand fir is often shipped along with these other species. It can also referred to as "white fir" lumber, an umbrella term also referring to Abies amabilis, Abies concolor, and Abies magnifica.

Lumber from the grand fir is considered a softwood. As such, it is used for paper making, packing crates, and construction. Hem fir is frequently used for framing, and is able to meet the building code span requirements of numerous construction projects.^[5]

As a hem fir, the trunk of the grand fir is considered slightly below the "Douglas fir-larch" species combination in strength, and stronger than the "Douglas fir-South" and "spruce-pine-fir (South)" species combos (both umbrella terms for a number of species with similar wood). Because it is nearly as strong as Douglas fir-larch, it often meets the structural load-bearing requirements for framing in residential, light commercial, and heavy construction. Excluding Douglas fir-larch, hem fir's modulus of elasticity value as a stiffness factor in floor systems (denoted as MOE or E) is stronger than all other western species combinations. Hem fir is preferred by many builders because of its ability to hold and not be split by nails and screws, and its low propensity for splintering when sawed.^[5]

References

^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies grandis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Brochure: White Fir Facts" (PDF). SPI. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Abies grandis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 351. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
^ ^a ^b "Hem-Fir species group". Western Woods Products Association. March 1997. Retrieved 2012-07-10.

External links

Trees portal

Gymnosperm Database: Abies grandis
USDA Plants Profile of Abies grandis (grand fir)
Interactive Distribution Map of Abies grandis
Jepson eFlora: Abies grandis
CalFlora Database: Abies grandis (grand fir)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. クリプトコッカス・ガッティ感染症：微生物学、疫学、および病因 cryptococcus gattii infection microbiology epidemiology and pathogenesis
2. 多経産 grand multiparity
3. 無傷子宮における破裂 rupture of the unscarred uterus
4. 気管支肺異形成症の病因および臨床的特徴 pathogenesis and clinical features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
5. 乳酸アシドーシスの原因 causes of lactic acidosis

English Journal

The natural phytochemical dehydroabietic acid is an anti-aging reagent that mediates the direct activation of SIRT1.

Kim J1, Kang YG2, Lee JY3, Choi DH4, Cho YU5, Shin JM3, Park JS2, Lee JH2, Kim WG6, Seo DB6, Lee TR7, Miyamoto Y8, No KT9.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2015 Sep 5;412:216-25. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.006. Epub 2015 May 11.
Dehydroabietic acid (DAA) is a naturally occurring diterpene resin acid of confers, such as pinus species (P. densiflora, P. sylvestris) and grand fir (Abies grandis), and it induces various biological actions including antimicrobial, antiulcer, and cardiovascular activities. The cellular target
PMID 25976661

Constraining 3-PG with a new δ13C submodel: a test using the δ13C of tree rings.

Wei L1, Marshall JD, Link TE, Kavanagh KL, DU E, Pangle RE, Gag PJ, Ubierna N.
Plant, cell & environment.Plant Cell Environ.2014 Jan;37(1):82-100. doi: 10.1111/pce.12133. Epub 2013 Jun 4.
A semi-mechanistic forest growth model, 3-PG (Physiological Principles Predicting Growth), was extended to calculate δ(13)C in tree rings. The δ(13)C estimates were based on the model's existing description of carbon assimilation and canopy conductance. The model was tested in two ~80-year-old nat
PMID 23663114

Sydowia polyspora associated with current season needle necrosis (CSNN) on true fir (Abies spp.).

Talgø V1, Chastagner G, Thomsen IM, Cech T, Riley K, Lange K, Klemsdal SS, Stensvand A.
Fungal biology.Fungal Biol.2010 Jul;114(7):545-54. doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.04.005. Epub 2010 Apr 24.
Current season needle necrosis (CSNN) has been a serious foliage disorder on true fir Christmas trees and bough material in Europe and North America for more than 25y. Approximately 2-4 weeks after bud break, needles develop chlorotic spots or bands that later turn necrotic. The symptoms have been o
PMID 20943166

Japanese Journal

カナダ西海岸バンクーバ島におけるWestern hemlockおよびDouglas-fir優占林の森林構造と更新様式

南佳典,菅涼子,谷本亮[他] [他],ほか２名
玉川大学農学部研究報告 42, 31-46, 2002-12-20
… また、Kite Lakeで見られなかったDouglas-firの大径木が確認されたが、後継樹の生育は確認されなかった。 … Mt. Maxwellでは、Western hemlockは全く生育せず、Douglas-firが林冠構成樹となっていた。 … しかしながら、Douglas-firの実生および稚樹は全く見られず、Grand firの実生および稚樹が出現していた。 …
NAID 80015875444

Abietadiene synthase from grand fir (Abies grandis) : characterization and mechanism of action of the "pseudomature" recombinant enzyme

PETERS R. J.
Biochemistry 39, 15592-15602, 2000
NAID 80012326901

Development and growth of evenaged stands of douglas-fir and grand fir

LARSON B. C.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, 367-372, 1986
NAID 30030376435

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Abies grandis」「アメリカオオモミ」
関連記事	「grand」「firing」

「Abies grandis」

Abies grandis; Grand fir
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae
Genus:	Abies
Species:	A. grandis
Binomial name
	Abies grandis; (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley
	Natural range of Abies grandis subsp. grandis in green and subsp. idahoensis in blue

　　[★]

アメリカオオモミ

関: grand fir

「アメリカオオモミ」

　　[★]

英: grand fir、Abies grandis

「grand」

　　[★]

adj.

大規模な

関: extensive、extensively、large scale、large-scale、on a large scale

「firing」

　　[★]

n.

発火、発射

関: discharge、fire、ignition、shot

[iucn-1] Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies grandis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 3 May 2014.

[whitefir-2] "Brochure: White Fir Facts" (PDF). SPI. Retrieved 2012-01-12.

[one-3] Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Abies grandis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.

[hunn-4] Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 351. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.

[hefir-5] "Hem-Fir species group". Western Woods Products Association. March 1997. Retrieved 2012-07-10.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

grand fir