WordNet

something curved in shape (同)arc
play on a string instrument with a bow
a knot with two loops and loose ends; used to tie shoelaces (同)bowknot
front part of a vessel or aircraft; "he pointed the bow of the boat toward the finish line" (同)fore, prow, stem
a decorative interlacing of ribbons
a slightly curved piece of resilient wood with taut horsehair strands; used in playing certain stringed instruments
a stroke with a curved piece of wood with taut horsehair strands that is used in playing stringed instruments
a weapon for shooting arrows, composed of a curved piece of resilient wood with a taut cord to propel the arrow
bending the head or body or knee as a sign of reverence or submission or shame or greeting (同)bowing, obeisance
an appearance by actors or performers at the end of the concert or play in order to acknowledge the applause of the audience (同)curtain_call
bend ones knee or body, or lower ones head; "He bowed before the King"; "She bowed her head in shame" (同)bow down
bend the head or the upper part of the body in a gesture of respect or greeting; "He bowed before the King"
given to social pleasures often including dissipation; "led a gay Bohemian life"; "a gay old rogue with an eye for the ladies"
offering fun and gaiety; "a festive (or festal) occasion"; "gay and exciting night life"; "a merry evening" (同)festal, festive, merry
full of or showing high-spirited merriment; "when hearts were young and gay"; "a poet could not but be gay, in such a jocund company"- Wordsworth; "the jolly crowd at the reunion"; "jolly old Saint Nick"; "a jovial old gentleman"; "have a merry Christmas"; "peals of merry laughter"; "a mirthful laugh" (同)jocund, jolly, jovial, merry, mirthful
homosexual or arousing homosexual desires (同)queer, homophile
a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"
a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force

PrepTutorEJDIC

『弓』 / (楽器の)弓 / 弓形,弓形のもの(にじなど) / (リボンなどの)ちょう結び;ちょうネクタイ(bowtie) / (めがねの)つる / 〈バイオリンなど〉'を'弓でひく
(…に)『身をかがめる』,頭をさげる,おじぎをする《+『down』『to』+『名』》 / (…に)屈服する,従う《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈ひざ・腰〉'を'かがめる,(頭など)'を'さげる / …'を'曲げる / 〈感謝など〉'を'おじぎをして示す / …'を'身をかがめて案内する / おじぎ,えしゃく
《時に複数形で;単数扱い》(ボート・船・飛行機の)『先端部』;へさき,機取 / ベートの最前部のオール;そのこぎ手
『陽気な』,愉快な,うきうきした / はでな色の,華やかな / 放蕩な,不身持ちの / 《話》同性愛の,ホモの
(疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態
〈C〉『腸』;《通例複数形で》腹わた,内臓 / 《複数形で》内部,中心部

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/08 00:35:17」(JST)

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Gay bowel syndrome was a medical term first used by Henry L Kazal and colleagues in 1976 to describe the various sexually transmitted perianal and rectal diseases and sexual traumas seen in Kazal's proctology practice, which had many gay patients.

History

After Kazal, the term was used sporadically in medical literature from the 1970s to refer to a complex of gastrointestinal symptoms affecting gay men. The term was first used in the pre-HIV era, by Kazal et al. in 1976.^[1]^[2] The term was not specific to any particular disease or infection, and was used clinically to describe proctitis and a variety of other complaints caused by a wide range of infectious organisms. Reported causes include herpes viruses, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, campylobacter, and shigellosis, as well as a variety of protozoal infections.^[2] The concept of "gay bowel syndrome" was later expanded to include various opportunistic cancers. Transmission of disease was considered to take place by two routes: anal sex, and fecal-oral route. Sometimes, difficulty in specifying the method may be a result of transmission by both methods.^[2] Following the onset of the AIDS epidemic, the reported incidence of these complaints has declined, likely as a result of safer sexual practices.^[3] Those with the ano-rectal disorder experience increased incidents of diarrhea.^[4]

Usage

The term "gay bowel syndrome" is considered obsolete and derogatory by some. The McGraw-Hill Manual of Colorectal Surgery says:

Coined in the pre-HIV era, the term "gay bowel syndrome" comprised a rather unselective potpourri of unusual anorectal and GI symptoms experienced by homosexual males... with better understanding of the underlying causes, this term is outdated: the derogatory terminology should be abandoned and more specific entities and terms recognized and used.^[5]

A 1997 article in the Journal of Homosexuality concluded:

It is apparent that Gay Bowel Syndrome is an essentialized category of difference that is neither gay-specific, confined to the bowel, nor a syndrome. The use and diagnosis of Gay Bowel Syndrome must be abandoned.^[6]

Gut, a well-respected, peer-reviewed journal of gastroenterology published by the BMJ, said in 1985 that:^[7]

The "gay bowel syndrome" was first used to describe not a syndrome, but a list of conditions. The term hides the problems facing the gastroenterologist. Firstly, the sexual orientation of a patient may not be easily ascertainable in the setting of a general outpatient clinic. Secondly, many infections of the gay bowel are asymptomatic and are missed without full microbiological screening. Thirdly, coinfection is common and the organism isolated may not be causing the symptoms and signs. Finally, the bowel has limited and non-specific clinical and histopathological responses to many infections.^[7]

The term "gay bowel syndrome" was withdrawn as "outdated" by the Canadian Association of Gastroenterologists in 2004,^[8] and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control described the term as informal and no longer in use in 2005.^[9] The gay activist and author Michael Scarce criticized the concept of "gay bowel syndrome" in his book Smearing the Queer: Medical Bias in the Health Care of Gay Men (1999), saying that "gay bowel syndrome has been, and remains today, a powerful tool for the specific surveillance, regulation, definition, medicalization, identification, and fragmentation of gay men's bodies."^[10] Scarce's work has been cited in the Journal of the American Medical Association with a positive review.^[11]

Footnotes

	LGBT portal
	Medicine portal

^ Kazal HL, Sohn N, Carrasco JI, Robilotti JG, Delaney WE (1976). "The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases". Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 6 (2): 184–92. PMID 946385.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kenneth A. Borchardt and Michael A. Noble (1997). Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment. CRC Press. pp. 296–305. ISBN 0-8493-9476-7.
^ Bartlett, John (March 15, 2004). "New Look at "Gay Bowel Syndrome", Etiology of Clinical Proctitis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men.". Medscape.
^ "Textbook of medicine", Robert L. Souhami, John Moxham. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2002. ISBN 0-443-06464-4, ISBN 978-0-443-06464-7. p. 817
^ Kaiser, Andreas (2008). McGraw-Hill Manual of Colorectal Surgery. p. 205. ISBN 0-07-159070-6.
^ Scarce M (1997). "Harbinger of plague: a bad case of gay bowel syndrome". J Homosex. 34 (2): 1–35. doi:10.1300/j082v34n02_01. PMID 9328857.
^ ^a ^b Gut, 1985, 26, 869-875
^ Garbo, Jon (December 21, 2004). ""Gay Bowel Syndrome" struck from textbook". Gmax.co.za. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
^ Lee, Ryan (April 8, 2005). "Activist fights 'outdated' medical phrase: Effort to debunk 'gay bowel syndrome' may face new challenge". Washington Blade. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
^ Scarce, Michael (1999). Smearing the Queer: Medical Bias in the Health Care of Gay Men. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 1-56023-926-3.
^ Journal of the American Medical Association (2000). pp. 284

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における短腸症候群のマネージメント management of the short bowel syndrome in children
2. 小腸腫瘍の疫学、臨床的特徴、および種類 epidemiology clinical features and types of small bowel neoplasms
3. 小腸腫瘍の治療 treatment of small bowel neoplasms
4. 成人における機械的小腸閉塞の疫学、臨床的特徴、および診断 epidemiology clinical features and diagnosis of mechanical small bowel obstruction in adults
5. 胎児のエコー源性腸管 fetal echogenic bowel

English Journal

Anal microbiota profiles in HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM.

Yu G1, Fadrosh D, Ma B, Ravel J, Goedert JJ.
AIDS (London, England).AIDS.2014 Mar 13;28(5):753-60. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000154.
OBJECTIVE: Because differences in anal microbial populations (microbiota) could affect acquisition of HIV or other conditions, especially among MSM, we profiled the microbiota of the anal canal, assessed its stability, and investigated associations with diversity and composition.DESIGN: Microbiota p
PMID 24335481

'Gay bowel syndrome': relic or real (and returning) phenomenon?

Cooper F1, Barber T.
Current opinion in infectious diseases.Curr Opin Infect Dis.2014 Feb;27(1):84-9. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000032.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article aims to review the term 'gay bowel syndrome', including the recent research looking at increased rates of bowel infections in men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly in light of the recent Shigella outbreaks in MSM in London and New York, and considers whether '
PMID 24335755

Gastrointestinal viral load and enteroendocrine cell number are associated with altered survival in HIV-1 infected individuals.

van Marle G1, Sharkey KA, Gill MJ, Church DL.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Oct 16;8(10):e75967. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075967. eCollection 2013.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects and destroys cells of the immune system leading to an overt immune deficiency known as HIV acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The gut associated lymphoid tissue is one of the major lymphoid tissues targeted by HIV-1, and is considered a
PMID 24146801

Japanese Journal

アメーバ性肝膿瘍を契機に診断した男性同性愛者のHIV感染症の一例

山口医学 61(1), 57-61, 2012-05-01
NAID 10030318241

ウィルス/原虫による感染性大腸炎(CMVも含む)

日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 54(10), 945-949, 2001-10-01
NAID 10011528618

梅毒性直腸炎の1例

日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 50(6), 440-445, 1990-06
NAID 10005268655

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