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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/26 19:02:26」(JST)

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Galantamine (Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl, Lycoremine) is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and various other memory impairments, in particular those of vascular origin. It is an alkaloid that is obtained synthetically or from the bulbs and flowers of Galanthus caucasicus (Caucasian snowdrop, Voronov's snowdrop), Galanthus woronowii (Amaryllidaceae) and related genera like Narcissus (daffodil)),^[1] Leucojum (snowflake), and Lycoris including Lycoris radiata (Red Spider Lily).

Studies of usage in modern medicine began in the Soviet Union in the 1950s. The active ingredient was extracted, identified, and studied, in particular in relation to its acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting properties. The bulk of the work was carried out by Soviet pharmacologists M. D. Mashkovsky and R. P. Kruglikova–Lvova, beginning in 1951.^[2] The work of Mashkovsky and Kruglikova-Lvova was the first published work that demonstrated the AChE-inhibiting properties of galantamine.^[3]

The first industrial process was developed in Bulgaria by prof. Paskov in 1959 (Nivalin, Sopharma) from a species traditionally used as a popular medicine in Eastern Europe, and, thus, the idea for developing a medicine from these species seems to be based on the local use (i.e., an ethnobotany-driven drug discovery).^[4]^[5]

Galantamine has been used for decades in Eastern Europe and Russia for various indications such as treatment of myasthenia, myopathy, and sensory and motor dysfunction associated with disorders of the central nervous system. In the US, it is FDA approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

It is available in both a prescription form and as an over the counter supplement.

1 Pharmacology
2 Pharmacokinetics
3 Metabolism
4 Clinical use
- 4.1 Indications
- 4.2 Available forms
- 4.3 Adverse events
5 Other uses
- 5.1 Supplement for lucid dream and out-of-body experience
- 5.2 Sleep aid
- 5.3 Nootropic
- 5.4 Augmentative therapy in autistic children
6 Caution
7 Total synthesis
8 References
9 External links

Pharmacology[edit]

Galantamine is a competitive and reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It reduces the action of AChE and therefore tends to increase the concentration of acetylcholine in the brain. It is hypothesized that this action might relieve some of the symptoms of Alzheimer's. It is also an allosteric ligand at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It has shown activity in modulating the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on cholinergic neurons to increase acetylcholine release.^[6]

Galantamine in its pure form is a white powder. The atomic resolution 3D structure of the complex of galantamine and its target, acetylcholinesterase, was determined by X-ray crystallography in 1999 (PDB code: 1DX6; see complex).^[7] There is no evidence that galantamine alters the course of the underlying dementing process.^[8]

Pharmacokinetics[edit]

Absorption of galantamine is rapid and complete and shows linear pharmacokinetics. It is well absorbed with absolute oral bioavailability between 80 and 100%. It has a half-life of seven hours. Peak effect of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase was achieved about one hour after a single oral dose of 8 mg in some healthy volunteers.

Plasma protein binding of galantamine is about 18%, which is relatively low.

Metabolism[edit]

Approximately 75% of a dose of galantamine is metabolised in the liver. In vitro studies have shown that Hepatic CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 are involved in galantamine metabolism.

For Razadyne ER (the once-a-day formulation), CYP2D6 poor metabolizers had drug exposures that were approximately 50% higher than for extensive metabolizers. About 7% of the population has this genetic mutation; however, because the drug is individually titrated to tolerability, no specific dosage adjustment is necessary for this population.

Clinical use[edit]

Indications[edit]

Galantamine is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate vascular dementia and Alzheimer's.^[9]^[10]

Available forms[edit]

The product is supplied in both a prescription form as well as an over the counter supplement. in twice-a-day tablets, in once-a-day extended-release capsules, and in oral solution. The tablets come in 4 mg, 8 mg, and 12 mg forms. The capsules come in 8 mg, 16 mg, and 24 mg forms.

Adverse events[edit]

In clinical trials, galantamine's side effect profile was very similar to that of other cholinesterase inhibitors, with gastrointestinal symptoms being the most notable and most commonly observed. In practice, some other cholinesterase inhibitors might be better tolerated; however, a careful and gradual titration over more than three months may lead to equivalent long-term tolerability.^[11]

Other uses[edit]

Supplement for lucid dream and out-of-body experience[edit]

Some people who practice lucid dream (LD) or out-of-body experience (OBE) use galantamine to increase their odds to achieve LD or OBE.^[12]^[13]^[14] By taking small amount of galantamine (around 4 to 8 mg) after five to six hours of deep sleep and practice an induction technique such as meditation, MILD or WILD [1] many people report more success with galantamine.^[15]

There are also reports claiming that taking galantamine without proper induction technique will not lead to LD or OBE but will result in only a vivid dream instead. It should also be noted that, due to a long half-life, galantamine will stay in the body for a period of up to and over 48 hours. As such, it is advisable to space out the use of galantamine over a period of three days so that the body does not build a resistance to the drug, ruining its effectiveness.^[12]

Galantamine used with choline bitartrate or Alpha-GPC can dramatically increase one's odds of becoming lucid and increase memory consolidation during dreaming.^{[citation needed]} Some people report mixing galantamine with other nootropic can enhance the degree of lucidity, but this is still controversial, since some mixtures may work for some people, but lead to failure for others.

Sleep aid[edit]

Galantamine has been used as a sleep aid, Galantamine has been anecdotally described both to help people fall asleep and increasing the quality of sleep once someone falls asleep. Extensive research and sleep studies have not been conducted, but initial microbiological research suggests that Galantamine does have properties that can aid patients suffering from insomnia.

Nootropic[edit]

Along with other cholinergics or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as Huperzine A, galantamine also has been used as nootropic or "brain enhancer" to enhance memory in brain-damaged adults.^[16]

Augmentative therapy in autistic children[edit]

Galantamine given in addition to Risperidone to autistic children has been shown to improve some of the symptoms of autism (irritability, lethargy and social withdrawal).^[17]

Caution[edit]

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and international health authorities have published an alert based on data from two studies during the treatment by galantamine of mild cognitive impairment (MCI); higher mortality rates were seen in drug-treated patients.^[18]^[19] On April 27, 2006, FDA approved labeling changes concerning all form of galantamine preparations (liquid, regular tablets, and extended release tablets) warning of the risk of bradycardia (slow resting heart rate), and sometimes atrioventricular block, especially in predisposed persons. At the same time, the risk of syncope (fainting) seems to be increased relative to placebo. "In randomized controlled trials, bradycardia was reported more frequently in galantamine-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients, but was rarely severe and rarely led to treatment discontinuation" ^[20] These side effects have not been reported in Alzheimer's Disease related studies.^[21]

Total synthesis[edit]

Main article: Galantamine total synthesis

Galantamine is produced from natural resources and a patented total synthesis process. Many other synthetic methods exist but have not been implemented on an industrial scale.

References[edit]

^ NNFCC Project Factsheet: Sustainable Production of the Natural Product Galanthamine (Defra), NF0612
^ Heinrich, M. (2004). "Snowdrops: The heralds of spring and a modern drug for Alzheimer's disease". Pharmaceutical Journal 273 (7330): 905–906.
^ Mashkovsky, MD; Kruglikova–Lvova, RP (1951). "On the pharmacology of the new alkaloid galantamine". Farmakologia Toxicologia 14: 27–30.
^ Heinrich, M.; Teoh, H.L. (2004). "Galanthamine from snowdrop – the development of a modern drug against Alzheimer's disease from local Caucasian knowledge". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92 (2–3): 147–162. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.012. PMID 15137996.
^ Scott, LJ; Goa, KL (2000). "Galantamine: a review of its use in Alzheimer's disease". Drugs 60 (5): 1095–122. PMID 11129124.
^ Woodruff-Pak, DS; Vogel Rw, 3rd; Wenk, GL (2001). "Galantamine: Effect on nicotinic receptor binding, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and learning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (4): 2089–94. doi:10.1073/pnas.031584398. PMC 29386. PMID 11172080.
^ Greenblatt, HM; Kryger, G; Lewis, T; Silman, I; Sussman, JL (1999). "Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with (-)-galanthamine at 2.3Å resolution". FEBS Lett 463 (3): 321–26. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01637-3. PMID 10606746.
^ Ortho-McNeil Neurologics, "Razadyne ER US Product Insert", May 2006
^ Galantamine Benefits Both Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia
^ Galantamine Improves Attention in Alzheimer's
^ Birks, J; Birks, Jacqueline (2006). "Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease". In Birks, Jacqueline. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (1): CD005593. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005593. PMID 16437532.
^ ^a ^b Thomas Yuschak (2006). Advanced Lucid Dreaming (1st ed.). Lulu Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-4303-0542-2.
^ Thomas Yuschak (2007). Pharmacological Induction of Lucid dreams.
^ "Substances that enhance recall and lucidity during dreaming". Stephen LaBerge - US Patent. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ "Galantamine LDS Profile". Yuschak LDS Profiles. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ Galantamine Protects Neurons and Memory Following Brain Injury
^ Galantamine efficacy and tolerability as an augmentative therapy in autistic children: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
^ "FDA ALERT: Galantamine hydrobromide (marketed as Razadyne, formerly Reminyl) - Healthcare Professional Sheet". Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers. Food and Drug Administration. May 2005. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
^ "Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products > Reminyl (galantamine hydrobromide)". # MedWatch The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. Food and Drug Administration. March 2005. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
^ "Safety Labeling Changes Approved By FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)". MedWatch, The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. Food and Drug Administration. April 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
^ "Safety information from Investigational Studies with REMINYL (galantamine hydrobromide) in Mild Cognitive Impairment". Janssen-Ortho Inc. 2005-04-22. Retrieved 29 August 2012.

External links[edit]

Memeron (galantamine compound website)
Razadyne (manufacturer's website)
Galantamine (patient information)
Proteopedia 1dx6
AChE inhibitors and substrates (Part II)
Acetylcholinesterase: A gorge-ous enzyme QUite Interesting PDB Structure article at PDBe

English Journal

Development and in vivo evaluation of novel monolithic controlled release compositions of galantamine hydrobromide as against reservoir technology.

Khatavkar UN, Shimpi SL, Kumar KJ, Deo KD.SourceFormulation Research Division, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Research Centre , Bachupally, Quthubullapur, Hyderabad , India.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2013 Sep-Oct;18(5):1148-58. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2011.595799. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
The objective of this study is to develop and in vivo evaluation of novel monolithic matrix mini tablets approach to control the release of galantamine hydrobromide (GAH) in comparison with desired release profile to the Innovator formulation Razadyne(®) ER capsules. The direct compression method w
PMID 21770841

Elicitation of galanthamine biosynthesis by Leucojum aestivum liquid shoot cultures.

Ivanov I, Georgiev V, Pavlov A.SourceLaboratory of Applied Biotechnologies, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Boulevard, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, 26 Maritza Boulevard, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria.
Journal of plant physiology.J Plant Physiol.2013 Aug 15;170(12):1122-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.03.017. Epub 2013 May 3.
The effects of methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid on galanthamine production, phenolic acid content and growth of Leucojum aestivum L. shoot culture, cultivated in submerged conditions were investigated. The best time-point for addition of elicitors was during the exponential phase of the culture gr
PMID 23648110

Natural Products as Sources of New Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Huang L, Su T, Li X.SourceInstitute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. lixsh@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
Current topics in medicinal chemistry.Curr Top Med Chem.2013 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia and affects approximately 24 million people worldwide. One possible approach for the treatment of this disease is the restoration of the level of acetylcholine (ACh) through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with reversible
PMID 23931437

Japanese Journal

Synthesis of demethoxy-lycoraminone

Herke Klara,Hazai Laszlo,Dubrovay Zsofia [他]
Heterocycles 83(3), 581-589, 2011-03-01
NAID 40018281866

Total synthesis of (+)- and (-)-galanthamine

Kato Tomoaki,Tanimoto Hiroki,Yamada Hisako [他]
Heterocycles 82(1), 563-579, 2010-12-31
NAID 40017418854

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「ガランタミン」

Galantamine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(4aS,6R,8aS)- 5,6,9,10,11,12- hexahydro- 3-methoxy- 11-methyl- 4aH- [1]benzofuro[3a,3,2-ef] [2] benzazepin- 6-ol
Clinical data
Trade names	Razadyne
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a699058
Pregnancy cat.	B
Legal status	℞ Prescription only
Routes	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	80 to 100%
Protein binding	18%
Metabolism	Hepatic partially CYP450:CYP2D6/3A4 substrate
Half-life	7 hours
Excretion	Renal (95%, of which 32% unchanged), fecal (5%)
Identifiers
CAS number	357-70-0
ATC code	N06DA04
PubChem	CID 9651
DrugBank	DB00674
ChemSpider	9272
UNII	0D3Q044KCA
KEGG	D04292
ChEBI	CHEBI:42944
ChEMBL	CHEMBL659
PDB ligand ID	GNT (PDBe, RCSB PDB)
Chemical data
Formula	C17H21NO3
Mol. mass	287.354 g/mol
	SMILES O(c2c1O[C@H]4C[C@@H](O)/C=C\[C@@]43c1c(cc2)CN(C)CC3)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C17H21NO3/c1-18-8-7-17-6-5-12(19)9-14(17)21-16-13(20-2)4-3-11(10-18)15(16)17/h3-6,12,14,19H,7-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,14-,17-/m0/s1 ; Key:ASUTZQLVASHGKV-JDFRZJQESA-N ;
Physical data
Melt. point	126.5 °C (260 °F)
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　　[★]

英: galantamine、(欧)galanthamine、
化: 臭化水素酸ガランタミン galantamine hydrobromide
商: レミニール
関: 抗認知症薬。コリンエステラーゼ阻害薬; その他の中枢神経系用薬

コリンエステラーゼ阻害薬であり、その作用は非可逆的で持続的である。
アセチルコリン阻害作用、ニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体の感受性の亢進作用(アロステリック・モジュレーター)
シナプス前膜でアセチルコリン、ノルエピネフリン、セロトニン、グルタミン酸、GABA等の神経伝達物質の放出を促進。
海外の論文ではAD患者に対して3年にわたってかなりの症例数で認知機能を維持するという報告があったり、ドネペジルとの比較でガランタミンの法が認知機能が認知機能の維持効果が高いとされている(週刊医学会新聞 2011/5/23)

[1] NNFCC Project Factsheet: Sustainable Production of the Natural Product Galanthamine (Defra), NF0612

[2] Heinrich, M. (2004). "Snowdrops: The heralds of spring and a modern drug for Alzheimer's disease". Pharmaceutical Journal 273 (7330): 905–906.

[3] Mashkovsky, MD; Kruglikova–Lvova, RP (1951). "On the pharmacology of the new alkaloid galantamine". Farmakologia Toxicologia 14: 27–30.

[4] Heinrich, M.; Teoh, H.L. (2004). "Galanthamine from snowdrop – the development of a modern drug against Alzheimer's disease from local Caucasian knowledge". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92 (2–3): 147–162. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.012. PMID 15137996.

[5] Scott, LJ; Goa, KL (2000). "Galantamine: a review of its use in Alzheimer's disease". Drugs 60 (5): 1095–122. PMID 11129124.

[6] Woodruff-Pak, DS; Vogel Rw, 3rd; Wenk, GL (2001). "Galantamine: Effect on nicotinic receptor binding, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and learning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (4): 2089–94. doi:10.1073/pnas.031584398. PMC 29386. PMID 11172080.

[7] Greenblatt, HM; Kryger, G; Lewis, T; Silman, I; Sussman, JL (1999). "Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with (-)-galanthamine at 2.3Å resolution". FEBS Lett 463 (3): 321–26. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01637-3. PMID 10606746.

[8] Ortho-McNeil Neurologics, "Razadyne ER US Product Insert", May 2006

[9] Galantamine Benefits Both Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia

[10] Galantamine Improves Attention in Alzheimer's

[11] Birks, J; Birks, Jacqueline (2006). "Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease". In Birks, Jacqueline. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (1): CD005593. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005593. PMID 16437532.

[Yuschak2006-12] Thomas Yuschak (2006). Advanced Lucid Dreaming (1st ed.). Lulu Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-4303-0542-2.

[Yuschak2007-13] Thomas Yuschak (2007). Pharmacological Induction of Lucid dreams.

[LaBerge2004-14] "Substances that enhance recall and lucidity during dreaming". Stephen LaBerge - US Patent. Retrieved 2007-10-29.

[YuschakSite-15] "Galantamine LDS Profile". Yuschak LDS Profiles. Retrieved 2007-10-29.

[16] Galantamine Protects Neurons and Memory Following Brain Injury

[17] Galantamine efficacy and tolerability as an augmentative therapy in autistic children: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

[18] "FDA ALERT: Galantamine hydrobromide (marketed as Razadyne, formerly Reminyl) - Healthcare Professional Sheet". Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers. Food and Drug Administration. May 2005. Retrieved 2010-04-02.

[19] "Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products > Reminyl (galantamine hydrobromide)". # MedWatch The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. Food and Drug Administration. March 2005. Retrieved 2010-08-04.

[20] "Safety Labeling Changes Approved By FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)". MedWatch, The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. Food and Drug Administration. April 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2009-07-30.

[21] "Safety information from Investigational Studies with REMINYL (galantamine hydrobromide) in Mild Cognitive Impairment". Janssen-Ortho Inc. 2005-04-22. Retrieved 29 August 2012.

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galanthamine