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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) |
| Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
M75.0 |
| ICD-9 |
726.0 |
| DiseasesDB |
34114 |
| MedlinePlus |
000455 |
| eMedicine |
orthoped/372 |
Frozen shoulder, medically referred to as adhesive capsulitis, is a disorder in which the shoulder capsule, the connective tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, becomes inflamed and stiff, greatly restricting motion and causing chronic pain.
Adhesive capsulitis is a painful and disabling condition that often causes great frustration for patients and caregivers due to slow recovery. Movement of the shoulder is severely restricted. Pain is usually constant, worse at night, and when the weather is colder; and along with the restricted movement can make even small tasks impossible. Certain movements or bumps can cause sudden onset of tremendous pain and cramping that can last several minutes.
This condition, for which an exact cause is unknown, can last from five months to three years or more and is thought in some cases to be caused by injury or trauma to the area. It is believed that it may have an autoimmune component, with the body attacking healthy tissue in the capsule. There is also a lack of fluid in the joint, further restricting movement.
In addition to difficulty with everyday tasks, people who suffer from adhesive capsulitis usually experience problems sleeping for extended periods due to pain that is worse at night and restricted movement/positions. The condition also can lead to depression, pain, and problems in the neck and back.
Risk factors for frozen shoulder include diabetes, stroke, accidents, lung disease, connective tissue disorders, thyroid disease, and heart disease.
Treatment may be painful and taxing and consists of physical therapy, occupational therapy, Osteopath, Chiropractic, medication, massage therapy, hydrodilatation or surgery. A doctor may also perform manipulation under anesthesia, which breaks up the adhesions and scar tissue in the joint to help restore some range of motion. Pain and inflammation can be controlled with analgesics and NSAIDs. The condition tends to be self-limiting: it usually resolves over time without surgery, but this may take up to two years. Most people regain about 90% of shoulder motion over time. People who suffer from adhesive capsulitis may have extreme difficulty working and going about normal life activities for several months or longer.
Contents
- 1 Epidemiology and Incidence
- 2 Presentation
- 3 Prevention
- 4 Signs and diagnosis
- 5 Imaging findings
- 6 Management
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Epidemiology and Incidence
The incidence of adhesive capsulitis is approximately 3 percent in the general population. It is rare in children and people under 40 but peaks between 40 and 70 years of age.[1] Women are more often affected than men and it is common in persons with diabetes.[1]
The right shoulder & glenohumeral joint.
Presentation
Movement of the shoulder is severely restricted, with progressive loss of both active and passive range of motion.[2] The condition is sometimes caused by injury, leading to lack of use due to pain, but also often arises spontaneously with no obvious preceding trigger factor (idiopathic frozen shoulder). Rheumatic disease progression and recent shoulder surgery can also cause a pattern of pain and limitation similar to frozen shoulder. Intermittent periods of use may cause inflammation.
In frozen shoulder, there is a lack of synovial fluid, which normally helps the shoulder joint, a ball and socket joint, move by lubricating the gap between the humerus (upper arm bone) and the socket in the scapula (shoulder blade). The shoulder capsule thickens, swells, and tightens due to bands of scar tissue (adhesions) that have formed inside the capsule. As a result, there is less room in the joint for the humerus, making movement of the shoulder stiff and painful. This restricted space between the capsule and ball of the humerus distinguishes adhesive capsulitis from a less complicated, painful, stiff shoulder.[3]
People with diabetes, stroke, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or heart disease are at a higher risk for frozen shoulder. Injury or surgery to the shoulder or arm may cause the capsule to tighten from reduced use during recovery.[3] Adhesive capsulitis has been indicated as a possible adverse effect of some forms of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
The condition rarely appears in people under 40 years old and, at least in its idiopathic form, is much more common in women than in men (70% of patients are women aged 40–60). Frozen shoulder in diabetic patients is generally thought to be a more troublesome condition than in the non-diabetic population, and the recovery is longer.[4]
Cases have also been reported after breast and lung surgery.
Prevention
To prevent the problem, a common recommendation is to keep the shoulder joint fully moving to prevent a frozen shoulder. Often a shoulder will hurt when it begins to freeze. Because pain discourages movement, further development of adhesions that restrict movement will occur unless the joint continues to move full range in all directions (adduction, abduction, flexion, rotation, and extension). Physical therapy and occupational therapy can help with continued movement.
Signs and diagnosis
One sign of a frozen shoulder is that the joint becomes so tight and stiff that it is nearly impossible to carry out simple movements, such as raising the arm. The movement that is most severely inhibited is external rotation of the shoulder.
People complain that the stiffness and pain worsen at night. Pain due to frozen shoulder is usually dull or aching. It can be worsened with attempted motion, or if bumped. A physical therapist, osteopath or chiropractor may suspect the patient has a frozen shoulder if a physical examination reveals limited shoulder movement. Frozen shoulder can be diagnosed if limits to the active range of motion (range of motion from active use of muscles) are the same or almost the same as the limits to the passive range of motion (range of motion from a person manipulating the arm and shoulder). An arthrogram or an MRI scan may confirm the diagnosis, though in practice this is rarely required.
The normal course of a frozen shoulder has been described as having three stages:[5]
- Stage one: The "freezing" or painful stage, which may last from six weeks to nine months, and in which the patient has a slow onset of pain. As the pain worsens, the shoulder loses motion.
- Stage two: The "frozen" or adhesive stage is marked by a slow improvement in pain but the stiffness remains. This stage generally lasts from four to nine months.
- Stage three: The "thawing" or recovery, when shoulder motion slowly returns toward normal. This generally lasts from 5 to 26 months.
Imaging findings
Adhesive capsulitis is primarily a clinical diagnosis, though imaging may be used to exclude other causes of shoulder pain and depict findings that increase confidence in clinical diagnosis. Arthrography is usually regarded as the gold standard for imaging diagnosis.[6] US and MRI may help in diagnosis by assessing thickening of the coracohumeral ligament. Both proximal and distal fibers of the ligament can be evaluated. Another US finding consistent with the clinical diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis is hypoechoic material surrounding the long head of the biceps brachii tendon at the rotator interval. In the painful stage, such hypoechoic material may demonstrate increased vascularity at Doppler US.[7]
Management
Management of this disorder focuses on restoring joint movement and reducing shoulder pain, involving medications, physical therapy, and/or surgical intervention. Treatment may continue for months, there is no strong evidence to favor any particular approach.[1] Surgical evaluation of other problems with the shoulder, e.g., subacromial bursitis or rotator cuff tear may be needed.
Medications frequently used include NSAIDs; corticosteroids are used in some cases either through local injection or systemically. Manual therapists like chiropractors and physiotherapists may include massage therapy and daily extensive stretching.[1] Another technique used to treat the shoulder is called the Spencer technique.
If these measures are unsuccessful, manipulation of the shoulder under general anesthesia to break up the adhesions is sometimes used.[1] Hydrodilatation or distension arthrography is controversial.[8] Surgery to cut the adhesions (capsular release) may be indicated in prolonged and severe cases; the procedure is usually performed by arthroscopy.[9]
See also
- Calcific tendinitis
- Milwaukee shoulder syndrome
References
- ^ a b c d e Ewald, A. (2011). "Adhesive capsulitis: A review". American family physician 83 (4): 417–422. PMID 21322517. edit
- ^ Jayson, M. I. V. (1981). "Frozen Shoulder: Adhesive Capsulitis". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 283 (6298): 1005–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.283.6298.1005. JSTOR 29503905.
- ^ a b "Frozen shoulder - Causes". Retrieved 2011-07-05.
- ^ "Questions and Answers about Shoulder Problems". Retrieved 2008-01-28.
- ^ "Your Orthopaedic Connection: Frozen Shoulder". Retrieved 2008-01-28.
- ^ Neviaser TJ. Arthrography of the shoulder. Orthop Clin North Am 1980; 11:205-17
- ^ Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Chapter on ultrasound findings of adhesive capsulitis available at ShoulderUS.com
- ^ Tveitå, Einar Kristian; Tariq, Rana; Sesseng, Solve; Juel, Niels Gunnar; Bautz-Holter, Erik (2008). "Hydrodilatation, corticosteroids and adhesive capsulitis: A randomized controlled trial". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 9: 53. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-53. PMC 2374785. PMID 18423042.
- ^ Baums, M. H.; Spahn, G.; Nozaki, M.; Steckel, H.; Schultz, W.; Klinger, H.-M. (2006). "Functional outcome and general health status in patients after arthroscopic release in adhesive capsulitis". Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 15 (5): 638–44. doi:10.1007/s00167-006-0203-x.
This article contains text from the public domain document "Frozen Shoulder", American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
External links
- "Frozen Shoulder" from the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons
- Siegel, Lori B.; Cohen, Norman J.; Gall, Eric P. (1999). "Adhesive capsulitis: a sticky issue". American family physician 59 (7): 1843–52. PMID 10208704.
- Radiology image sequence demonstrating CT guided shoulder hydrodilatation
- "Adhesive Capsulitis" from Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013.
|
Soft tissue disorders / Rheumatism / Connective tissue arthropathy (M65–M79, 725–728)
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| Capsular joint |
| Synoviopathy |
- Synovitis/Tenosynovitis
- Calcific tendinitis
- Stenosing tenosynovitis
- Trigger finger
- DeQuervain's syndrome
- Transient synovitis
- Ganglion cyst
- osteochondromatosis
- Synovial osteochondromatosis
- Plica syndrome
- villonodular synovitis
- Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath
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| Bursopathy |
- Bursitis
- Olecranon
- Prepatellar
- Trochanteric
- Subacromial
- Achilles
- Retrocalcaneal
- Ischial
- Iliopsoas
- Synovial cyst
- Calcific bursitis
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| Noncapsular joint |
| Ligamentopathy |
- Ligamentous laxity
- Hypermobility
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Enthesopathy/Enthesitis
(and general tendinopathy) |
| upper limb |
- Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder
- Impingement syndrome Rotator cuff tear
- Golfer's elbow
- Tennis elbow
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| lower limb |
- Iliotibial band syndrome
- Patellar tendinitis
- Achilles tendinitis
- Calcaneal spur
- Metatarsalgia
- Bone spur
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| other/general: |
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| Nonjoint |
| Fasciopathy |
- Fasciitis: Plantar
- Nodular
- Necrotizing
- Eosinophilic
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| Fibromatosis/contracture |
- Dupuytren's contracture
- Plantar fibromatosis
- Aggressive fibromatosis
- Knuckle pads
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noco (arth/defr/back/soft)/cong, sysi/epon, injr
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anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/devp/hist
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noco (m, s, c)/cong (d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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