Forelimbs in mammals have varying functions but are all homologous.
A forelimb is an anterior limb (arm, leg, or similar appendage) on a terrestrial vertebrate's body. With reference to quadrupeds, the term foreleg is often used instead. (A forearm, however, is the part of the human arm or forelimb between the elbow and the wrist.)
All vertebrate forelimbs are homologous, meaning that they all evolved from the same structures. For example, the flipper of a turtle or of a dolphin, the arm of a human, the foreleg of a horse, and the wings of both bats and birds[a] are ultimately analogous, despite the large differences between them.[1]
Bibliography
de Beer, Gavin (1956). Vertebrate zoology: an introduction to the comparative anatomy, embryology, and evolution of chordate animals. Sidgwick and Jackson.
Notes
^Bat wings are however composed largely of a thin membrane of skin supported on the five fingers, whereas bird wings are composed largely of feathers supported on much reduced fingers, with finger 2 supporting the alula and finger 4 the primary feathers of the wing; there are only distant homologies between birds and bats, with much closer homologies between any pair of bird species, or any pair of bat species.
References
^
"Image Gallery: Homo Sapiens. homology: homologies of the forelimb among vertebrates". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
This vertebrate anatomy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
3. 背部痛が認められる小児の評価 evaluation of the child with back pain
English Journal
First report of Dracunculus insignis in two naturally infected cats from the northeastern USA.
Lucio-Forster A, Eberhard ML, Cama VA, Jenks MH, Jones C, Sanders SY, Pongratz JP, Bowman DD.Author information 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.AbstractDracunculiasis is rarely reported in cats, yet over the last few years we have identified two cats with filarioid-like spirurid infections. Case 1 was a 9-year-old cat with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism from New York tate from which four adult dracunculoid nematodes were isolated from its torso. Based on morphometric characteristics and parasite geographic distribution, the specimens were identified as Dracunculus insignis females; at least one of the females was gravid, suggestive of patent infection. Species identification was confirmed through amplification and sequence analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Case 2 was a 14-year-old diabetic cat from Massachusetts. Formalin-fixed sections were obtained from a subcutaneous mass excised from the left foreleg. Histopathological examination revealed a large nematode with morphometrical characteristics of Dracunculus, surrounded by lymphocytes and sheets of eosinophils. These two cases appear to be the first published reports of dracunculiasis in domestic cats in the USA, and based on the findings from case 1, D insignis may be the species associated with both infections.
Journal of feline medicine and surgery.J Feline Med Surg.2014 Feb;16(2):194-7. doi: 10.1177/1098612X13502976. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
Dracunculiasis is rarely reported in cats, yet over the last few years we have identified two cats with filarioid-like spirurid infections. Case 1 was a 9-year-old cat with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism from New York tate from which four adult dracunculoid nematodes were isolated from its
Drosophila life span and physiology are modulated by sexual perception and reward.
Gendron CM, Kuo TH, Harvanek ZM, Chung BY, Yew JY, Dierick HA, Pletcher SD.Author information Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.AbstractSensory perception can modulate aging and physiology across taxa. We found that perception of female sexual pheromones through a specific gustatory receptor expressed in a subset of foreleg neurons in male fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, rapidly and reversibly decreases fat stores, reduces resistance to starvation, and limits life span. Neurons that express the reward-mediating neuropeptide F are also required for pheromone effects. High-throughput whole-genome RNA sequencing experiments revealed a set of molecular processes that were affected by the activity of the longevity circuit, thereby identifying new candidate cell-nonautonomous aging mechanisms. Mating reversed the effects of pheromone perception; therefore, life span may be modulated through the integrated action of sensory and reward circuits, and healthy aging may be compromised when the expectations defined by sensory perception are discordant with ensuing experience.
Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2014 Jan 31;343(6170):544-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1243339. Epub 2013 Nov 29.
Sensory perception can modulate aging and physiology across taxa. We found that perception of female sexual pheromones through a specific gustatory receptor expressed in a subset of foreleg neurons in male fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, rapidly and reversibly decreases fat stores, reduces res
Emerging Trichinella britovi infections in free ranging pigs of Greece.
Boutsini S1, Papatsiros VG2, Stougiou D1, Marucci G3, Liandris E1, Athanasiou LV4, Papadoudis A5, Karagiozopoulos E5, Bisias A1, Pozio E3.Author information 1National Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Centre of Athens Veterinary Institutions, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Greece.2Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece. Electronic address: vpapatsiros@vet.uth.gr.3European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.4Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece.5Directorate of Rural Economy and Veterinary of Drama, Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece.AbstractTrichinella infections in humans and pigs have been documented in Greece since 1945 and a high prevalence of infection in pigs occurred in the 1950s. Up to 1984 only sporadic infections in humans were documented, and this zoonosis was not considered as a public health problem until 2009 when a human outbreak caused by the consumption of pork from an organic pig farm occurred. In the present study, we describe the re-emergence of Trichinella spp. infections in free-ranging pigs from organic farms of 3 counties (Dramas, Evros and Kavala) in Northern-Eastern Greece during the period 2009-2012. Totally 37 out of 12,717 (0.29%) free-ranging pigs which were tested during the period in question, were positive for Trichinella spp. larvae. The etiological agent was identified as Trichinella britovi. The average larval burden was 13.7 in the masseter, 6.2 in the foreleg muscles and 7.5 in the diaphragm. The 37 positive animals originated from seven free range pig farms. The practice of organic pig production systems in Greece has grown in popularity over the last years due to the increasing interest of consumers for products considered as traditional. However, this type of pig production increases the risk for Trichinella spp. infections, since animals can acquire the infection by feeding on carcasses or the offal of hunted or dead wild animals. The awareness and education of hunters and farmers is extremely important to reduce the transmission among free ranging pigs and the risk for humans.
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2014 Jan 31;199(3-4):278-82. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.007. Epub 2013 Nov 1.
Trichinella infections in humans and pigs have been documented in Greece since 1945 and a high prevalence of infection in pigs occurred in the 1950s. Up to 1984 only sporadic infections in humans were documented, and this zoonosis was not considered as a public health problem until 2009 when a human
Type A1 but Not Type A2 Botulinum Toxin Decreases the Grip Strength of the Contralateral Foreleg Through Axonal Transport From the Toxin-Treated Foreleg of Rats
Journal of pharmacological sciences 117(4), 275-285, 2011-12-20
Foreleg definition, one of the front legs of a quadruped, an insect, etc. See more. Thesaurus Translate Puzzles & Games Reference Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by Dictionary My Account Log Out Log In Dictionary ...