WordNet

exhibit the strength of; "The victorious army flexes its invincibility"
the act of flexing; "he gave his biceps a flex to impress the ladies"
bend a joint; "flex your wrists"; "bend your knees" (同)bend
cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form; "bend the rod"; "twist the dough into a braid"; "the strong man could turn an iron bar" (同)bend, deform, twist, turn
contract; "flex a muscle"

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(仕事などを始める準備運動として)〈手足など〉‘を'曲げる,〈筋肉〉‘を'縮める
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/17 14:43:18」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Inflection.

In anatomy, flexion (from the Latin word flectere, to bend^[1]) is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing. The skeletal (bones, cartilage, and ligaments) and muscular (muscles and tendons) systems work together to move the joint into a "flexed" position. For example the elbow is flexed when the hand is brought closer to the shoulder. The trunk may be flexed toward the legs or the neck to the chest.

The opposite term is extension, or straightening. Flexion decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at a joint, and extension increases it.

Note that specific flexion activities may occur only along the sagittal plane, i.e. from the forward to backward direction, and not side-to-side direction, which is further discussed in abduction.

Exercises

These exercises are used after an injury or surgery. They are done by a physical therapist or nurse initially, and may be continued by the patient.

In the healing process, active range of motion exercises should avoid forcing the appendage into the extension or flexion position. The stress induced may re-injure the affected appendage (limb).

Muscles of flexion

Upper limb

of forearm at elbow
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis
- Biceps brachii

of humerus at shoulder
- Pectoralis major
- Anterior deltoid
- Coracobrachialis

of carpus at wrist
- flexor carpi radialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris

Lower limb

of femur/thigh at hip (L1-L2)^[2]
- Iliopsoas
- Tensor fasciae latae
- Rectus femoris
- (additional minor contributions from other hip flexors)

of leg at knee (L5-S2)^[3]
- Posterior compartment of thigh/Hamstrings
  - Biceps femoris
  - Semitendinosus
  - Semimembranosus
- Gracilis
- Sartorius
- Tensor fasciae latae
- Gastrocnemius
- Popliteus
- Plantaris (negligible)

of toes
- Posterior compartment of leg
  - Flexor hallucis longus
  - Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Quadratus plantae
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis

of proximal phalanges at metatarsophalangeal joint^[4]
- Lumbrical muscle (foot)
- Plantar interossei
- Dorsal interossei

Other

torso/lumbar vertebrae
- Rectus abdominis muscle

neck at atlanto-occipital joint
- Longus capitis muscle

Additional images

An example of an arm flexed in the pronated position; with the biceps partially contracted.
An example of an arm flexed in a supinated position with the biceps fully contracted.

References

^ Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dtion, Mosby-Year Book 1994, p. 624
^ Hip Articulations
^ Knee Articulations
^ Foot Articulations

External links

Flexion at eMedicine Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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1. 遠位指節間関節の屈筋腱の損傷（ジャージー指） flexor tendon injury of the distal interphalangeal joint jersey finger
2. アキレス腱以外の足首の腱障害 non achilles ankle tendinopathy
3. 足首および後足部の運動器超音波 musculoskeletal ultrasound of the ankle and hindfoot
4. 活動的な小児または骨格発達の未成熟な思春期における足首痛：原因の概要 ankle pain in the active child or skeletally immature adolescent overview of causes
5. 活動的な小児または骨格発達の未成熟な思春期における前足部および中足部の痛み：原因の概要 forefoot and midfoot pain in the active child or skeletally immature adolescent overview of causes

English Journal

Modification of motor cortex excitability during muscle relaxation in motor learning.

Sugawara K1, Tanabe S2, Suzuki T3, Saitoh K4, Higashi T5.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2016 Jan 1;296:78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.001. Epub 2015 Sep 2.
We postulated that gradual muscle relaxation during motor learning would dynamically change activity in the primary motor cortex (M1) and modify short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI). Thus, we compared changes in M1 excitability both pre and post motor learning during gradual muscle relaxat
PMID 26341320

Catastrophic Failure of an Infected Achilles Tendon Rupture Repair Managed with Combined Flexor Hallucis Longus and Peroneus Brevis Tendon Transfer.

Simonson DC1, Elliott AD2, Roukis TS3.
Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery.Clin Podiatr Med Surg.2016 Jan;33(1):153-62. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2015.06.006. Epub 2015 Jul 8.
Deep infection is one of the most devastating complications following repair of an Achilles tendon rupture. Treatment requires not only culture-driven antibiotic therapy, but more importantly, appropriate débridement of some or even all of the Achilles tendon. This may necessitate delayed reconstru
PMID 26590732

Combined Tendon and Bone Allograft Transplantation for Chronic Achilles Tendon Ruptures.

Catanzariti AR1, Hentges M2.
Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery.Clin Podiatr Med Surg.2016 Jan;33(1):125-37. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2015.07.003. Epub 2015 Aug 30.
Combined flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer and bone-tendon allograft transplantation is a reasonable option for advanced distal-segment Achilles tendinopathy. This procedure provides anatomic restoration and improved function of the posterior muscle group without sacrificing the regional anatom
PMID 26590730