WordNet

having an (over)abundance of flesh; "he hadnt remembered how fat she was"
a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides); "pizza has too much fat"
marked by great fruitfulness; "fertile farmland"; "a fat land"; "a productive vineyard"; "rich soil" (同)fertile, productive, rich
lucrative; "a juicy contract"; "a nice fat job" (同)juicy
having a relatively large diameter; "a fat rope"
react to a decoy, of wildfowl
have a bowel movement; "The dog had made in the flower beds" (同)defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca, crap, make
grow shoots in the form of stools or tillers (同)tiller
(forestry) the stump of a tree that has been felled or headed for the production of saplings
a simple seat without a back or arms
lure with a stool, as of wild fowl
containing or composed of fat; "fatty food"; "fat tissue" (同)fat

PrepTutorEJDIC

『脂肪』,脂肪分 / (動物の)あぶら身 / (料理用の)油,ヘット / 肥満,太り過ぎ / 『太った』,肥満した / 『脂肪の多い』 / たっぷりとはいった,分厚い / もうかる / (土地が)肥えた / …‘を'太らせる / ふとる,肥える
(ひじ掛け・背のない)『腰掛け』,スツール / 足台,ひざつき台 / 大便
脂肪質の,脂肪の多い / でぶ,太っちょ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/28 11:33:48」(JST)

wiki en

Steatorrhea (or steatorrhoea) is the presence of excess fat in feces. Stools may also float due to excess lipid, have an oily appearance and be especially foul-smelling.^{[citation needed]} An oily anal leakage or some level of fecal incontinence may occur. There is increased fat excretion, which can be measured by determining the fecal fat level. The definition of how much fecal fat constitutes steatorrhea has not been standardized.

Causes[edit]

Possible biological causes can be lack of bile acids (due to liver damage, hypolipidemic drugs, gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy), defects in pancreatic enzymes, and defective mucosal cells. The absence of bile acids will cause the feces to turn gray or pale. Another cause of steatorrhea is due to the adverse effect of octreotide or lanreotide, which are analogs of somatostatin, used clinically to treat acromegaly.

Associated diseases[edit]

Malabsorption, e.g. in inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and abetalipoproteinemia^[1]^[2]
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Pancreatitis
Choledocholithiasis (obstruction of the bile duct by a gallstone)
Pancreatic cancer (if it obstructs biliary outflow)
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Bacterial overgrowth
Short bowel syndrome
Cystic fibrosis
Celiac Disease
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Giardiasis (a protozoan parasite infection)
Graves' disease / hyperthyroidism
Abuse or misuse of certain prescribed slimming pills (such as Orlistat)
Tropical sprue

In patients with steatorrhea, other associated symptoms may include reduced bone density, difficulty with vision under low light levels, and slow blood clotting times.

Weight-loss drugs[edit]

Steatorrhea can also be due to eating indigestible oils or fats, such as Olestra, or as a side effect of medicines that prevent the absorption of dietary fats, such as Orlistat.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Artificial fats[edit]

The fat substitute Olestra, used to reduce digestible fat in some foods, was reported to cause leakage in some consumers during the test-marketing phase. As a result, the product was reformulated before general release to a hydrogenated form that is not liquid at physiologic temperature. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration warning indicated excessive consumption of Olestra could result in "loose stools"; however, this warning has not been required since 2003.^[4]^[6]

Medications[edit]

Orlistat (also known by trade names Xenical and Alli) is a diet pill that works by blocking the enzymes that digest fat. As a result, some fat cannot be absorbed from the gut and is excreted in the feces instead of being metabolically digested, sometimes causing oily anal leakage. VYTORIN® (ezetimibe/simvastatin) Tablets can cause Steatorrhea in some people. ^[3]^[5]

Natural fats[edit]

Consuming jojoba oil has been documented to cause steatorrhea and anal leakage because it is indigestible.^[7]

Consuming escolar and oilfish (sometimes called butterfish) will often cause steatorrhea, also referred to as Gempylotoxism or Gempylid Fish Poisoning or keriorrhea.^[8] The fish is commonly used in party catering due to its delicate flavor and because it is cheap and readily available.^{[citation needed]}

Treatment[edit]

Treatments are mainly correction of the underlying cause, as well as digestive enzyme supplements.^[9]

References[edit]

^ Moutzouri, E; Elisaf, M; Liberopoulos, EN (2011 Mar). "Hypocholesterolemia.". Current vascular pharmacology 9 (2): 200–12. doi:10.2174/157016111794519354. PMID 20626336. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Hasosah, MY; Shesha, SJ; Sukkar, GA; Bassuni, WY (2010). "Rickets and dysmorphic findings in a child with abetalipoproteinemia". Saudi medical journal 31 (10): 1169–71. PMID 20953537.
^ ^a ^b Squires, Sally (2006-01-24). "Weighing a Pill For Weight Loss". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-06. "While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) still must approve the switch, the agency often follows the advice of its experts. If it does, Orlistat (xenical) -- currently sold only by prescription -- could be available over-the-counter (OTC) later this year. But it's important to know that the weight loss that's typical for users of the drug -- 5 to 10 percent of total weight -- will be less than many dieters expect. And many consumers may be put off by the drug's significant gastrointestinal side effects, including flatulence, diarrhea and anal leakage."
^ ^a ^b "Frito-Lay Study: Olestra Causes "Anal Oil Leakage"". Center for Science in the Public Interest. February 13, 1997. Retrieved 2007-07-07. "The Frito-Lay report states: "The anal oil leakage symptoms were observed in this study (3 to 9% incidence range above background), as well as other changes in elimination. ... Underwear spotting was statistically significant in one of two low level consumer groups at a 5% incidence above background." Despite those problems, the authors of the report concluded that olestra-containing snacks "should have a high potential for acceptance in the marketplace.""
^ ^a ^b "The Word Is 'Leakage'. Accidents may happen with a new OTC diet drug.". Newsweek. June 25, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-06-18. Retrieved 2007-06-21. "GlaxoSmithKline has a tip for people who decide to try Alli, the over-the-counter weight-loss drug it is launching with a multimillion-dollar advertising blitz—keep an extra pair of pants handy. That's because Alli, a lower-dose version of the prescription drug Xenical, could (cue the late-night talk-show hosts) make you soil your pants. But while Alli's most troublesome side effect, anal leakage, is sure to be good for a few laughs, millions of people who are desperate to take off weight may still decide the threat of an accident is worth it."
^ ^a ^b "Reported medical side-effects of Olestra according to Procter and Gamble studies". Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved 2007-06-21. "Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining associated with "anal leakage." Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining. That phenomenon may be caused most commonly by greasy, hard-to-wipe-off fecal matter, but occasionally also from anal leakage (leakage of liquid olestra through the anal sphincter)."
^ Comparative aspects of lipid digestion and absorption: physiological correlates of wax ester digestion
^ Bad Bug Book - Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Gempylotoxin, FDA
^ WrongDiagnosis >Treatments for Steatorrhea Retrieved on 20 Mars, 2009^{[dead link]}

UpToDate Contents

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1. 先進国の成人における慢性下痢に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with chronic diarrhea in developed countries
2. 成人における非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患（NAFLD）の疫学、臨床的特徴、および
診断 epidemiology clinical features and diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults
3. 先進国の小児における慢性下痢症の診断へのアプローチ approach to the diagnosis of chronic diarrhea in children in developed countries
4. 栄養の吸収および吸収不良の機序 mechanisms of nutrient absorption and malabsorption
5. 食物蛋白誘発胃腸炎（新生児-乳児消化管アレルギー）（FPIES） food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome fpies

English Journal

Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia: Analysis of three Spanish cases with two new mutations in the APOB gene.

Martín-Morales R, García-Díaz JD, Tarugi P, González-Santos P, Saavedra-Vallejo P, Magnolo L, Mesa-Latorre JM, di Leo E, Valdivielso P.SourceUnidad de Lípidos, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Interna, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Malaga, Spain.
Gene.Gene.2013 Nov 15;531(1):92-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.049. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
Extremely low LDL-cholesterol concentrations are very unusual and generally related with comorbidities accompanying malnutrition. Less frequently low LDL-cholesterol levels result from mutations in the APOB, PCSK9, ANGPTL3, SAR1B and MTTP genes (primary hypobetalipoproteinemia). We investigated thre
PMID 24001780

Acyl chain length, saturation, and hydrophobicity modulate the efficiency of dietary fatty acid absorption in adult humans.

McKimmie RL, Easter L, Weinberg RB.SourceWake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. weinberg@wakehealth.edu.
American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.2013 Nov;305(9):G620-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00258.2013. Epub 2013 Sep 5.
Intestinal fat absorption is known to be, overall, a highly efficient process, but much less is known about the efficiency with which individual dietary fatty acids (FA) are absorbed by the adult small intestine. We therefore measured the absorption efficiency of the major dietary FA using sucrose p
PMID 24008359

Clinical, Virological, and Histopathological Manifestations of Fatal Human Infections by Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus.

Yu L, Wang Z, Chen Y, Ding W, Jia H, Chan JF, To KK, Chen H, Yang Y, Liang W, Zheng S, Yao H, Yang S, Cao H, Dai X, Zhao H, Li J, Bao Q, Chen P, Hou X, Li L, Yuen KY.SourceState Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clin Infect Dis.2013 Nov;57(10):1449-57. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit541. Epub 2013 Aug 13.
Background. Systematic analysis of histopathological and serial virological changes of fatal influenza A(H7N9) cases is lacking. Methods. Patients with A(H7N9) infection admitted to our intensive care unit during 10-23 April 2013 were included. Viral loads in the respiratory tract, as inferred f
PMID 23943822

Japanese Journal

Correlation Between Indicators of Intestinal Environment and Amount of Carbon Dioxide in Gas Excreted During Defecation

HIRAYAMA Kazuhiro,HASHIMOTO Hiroshi,TAKESHITA Akemi,RUI Changsheng,NOGUCHI Satoko,TAKEZAKI Yoshinori,ITOH Kikuji
Bioscience and microflora 29(3), 135-141, 2010-07-01
… The apparatus consists of a fan and a commercial CO2 sensor attached to a toilet stool. … The apparatus could measure the amount of CO2 in the gas with good reproducibility, irrespective of the open area at the top of the toilet stool, position of gas injection and composition of the gas. …
NAID 10027791076