WordNet

of or relating to the mental faculties
able to exist under more than one set of conditions; "a facultative parasite can exist as a parasite or a saprophyte"
granting a privilege or permission or power to do or not do something; "a facultative enactment"
not compulsory; "facultative courses in the sciences"
not aerobic; "isometric exercises are anaerobic"
living or active in the absence of free oxygen; "anaerobic bacteria" (同)anaerobiotic
(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium

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嫌気性の
『バクテリア』,細菌

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/03/21 04:51:57」(JST)

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Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in test tubes of thioglycollate broth:
1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.
2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.
3: Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
4: Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.

5: Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.

A facultative anaerobe is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.^[1] An obligate aerobe, by contrast, cannot make ATP in the absence of oxygen, and obligate anaerobes die in the presence of oxygen.^[2]

Some examples of facultative anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp.,^[3] Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria spp.^[4] and Shewanella oneidensis. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae^[5] and many aquatic invertebrates such as Nereid (worm) polychaetes.^[6]

References

^ Hogg, S. (2005). Essential Microbiology (1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 99–100. ISBN 0-471-49754-1.
^ Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA (1996). Microbiology (3rd ed.). Wm. C. Brown Publishers. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-697-29390-4.
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 261–271, 273–296. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Singleton P (1999). Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 444–454. ISBN 0-471-98880-4.
^ Carlile MJ, Watkinson SC, Gooday GW (2001). The Fungi (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 85–105. ISBN 0-12-738446-4.
^ Schöttler, U. (November 30, 1979). "On the Anaerobic Metabolism of Three Species of Nereis (Annelida)" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1: 249–54. doi:10.3354/meps001249. ISSN 1616-1599. Retrieved February 14, 2010.

External links

Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria
Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria
Anaerobic Bacteria and Anaerobic Bacteria in the decomposition (stabilization) of organic matter.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 嫌気性細菌感染 anaerobic bacterial infections
2. 嫌気性感染症における病態生理：臨床的な手がかり、および微生物の回収方法 pathophysiology clinical clues and recovery of organisms in anaerobic infections
3. 嫌気菌：ヒトの正常細菌叢における歴史および役割 anaerobic bacteria history and role in normal human flora
4. 歯性感染症の合併症、診断、および治療 complications diagnosis and treatment of odontogenic infections
5. メトロニダゾール：概要 metronidazole an overview

English Journal

A Novel Selective Medium for Isolation of Bacteroides fragilis from Clinical Specimens.

Ho PL1, Ho LY2, Yau CY3, Tong MK3, Chow KH3.
Journal of clinical microbiology.J Clin Microbiol.2017 Feb;55(2):384-390. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01988-16. Epub 2016 Nov 16.
A novel Bacteroides fragilis selective (BFS) medium, consisting of a brain heart infusion agar base supplemented with yeast extract, cysteine hydrochloride, bile salts, vitamin K, hemin, glucose, esculin, ferric ammonium citrate, bromothymol blue, gentamicin, kanamycin, and novobiocin, was evaluated
PMID 27852672

Insights into the lifestyle of uncultured bacterial natural product factories associated with marine sponges.

Lackner G1,2, Peters EE1, Helfrich EJ1, Piel J3.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2017 Jan 17;114(3):E347-E356. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1616234114. Epub 2017 Jan 3.
The as-yet uncultured filamentous bacteria "Candidatus Entotheonella factor" and "Candidatus Entotheonella gemina" live associated with the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei Y, the source of numerous unusual bioactive natural products. Belonging to the proposed candidate phylum "Tectomicrobia," Candi
PMID 28049838

Description of two novel members of the family Erysipelotrichaceae: Ileibacterium valens gen. nov., sp. nov. and Dubosiella newyorkensis, gen. nov., sp. nov., from the murine intestine, and emendation to the description of Faecalibacterium rodentium.

Cox LM1, Sohn J2, Tyrrell KL3, Citron DM4, Lawson PA5, Patel NB6, Iizumi T7, Perez-Perez GI8, Goldstein EJ9, Blaser MJ10.
International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.2017 Jan 16. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001793. [Epub ahead of print]
To better characterize murine intestinal microbiota, a large number (187) of Gram-positive staining, rod- and coccoid-shaped facultative and strictly anaerobic bacteria were isolated from small and large intestinal contents from mice. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, a total 115 isolates formed th
PMID 28100298

Japanese Journal

第80回東京女子医科大学学会総会シンポジウム「東京女子医大小児医療の最前線!-"なおらない"から"なおる"へ-」Part 1 (6)腸内細菌とこどもの病気

永田智
東京女子医科大学雑誌 85(2), 55-62, 2015-04-25
ヒトの腸管には、人体を構成する全細胞数をも凌ぐ実に100兆もの腸内細菌が棲息し、バランスを保ちながらヒトと共生関係を保っている。このバランスが乱れて、有害菌が多い腸内環境になってしまうと、便秘や下痢、各種感染症、アレルギーなどを起こしやすくなってくるといわれている。LactbacillusやBifidobacteriumのように、腸内細菌のバランスを改善することにより、宿主に有益な作用をもたらす生 …
NAID 110009900093

三次がん医療施設における嫌気性菌が関与する複数菌菌血症の検討

塚原美香,河村一郎,盛啓太
医学検査 63(4), 509-512, 2014
菌血症は一般的に好気性菌または通性嫌気性菌により引き起こされ，嫌気性菌菌血症はまれとされている．嫌気性菌は消化管粘膜の常在菌叢であることを反映し，嫌気性菌菌血症は複数菌菌血症として表現されることがある．しかし，嫌気性菌の複数菌菌血症における位置づけは明らかになっていない．そこで，複数菌菌血症における嫌気性菌が検出される割合及び検出される菌の組み合わせについて後向きに検討した．2年間で認めた菌血症は …
NAID 130004690649