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of or relating to the mental faculties
able to exist under more than one set of conditions; "a facultative parasite can exist as a parasite or a saprophyte"
granting a privilege or permission or power to do or not do something; "a facultative enactment"
not compulsory; "facultative courses in the sciences"
an organism (especially a bacterium) that does not require air or free oxygen to live

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嫌(けん)気性生物(空気・遊離酸素を必要としない細菌類)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/23 10:57:01」(JST)

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Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in test tubes of thioglycollate broth:
1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.
2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.
3: Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
4: Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.

5: Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.

A facultative anaerobe is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.^[1] An obligate aerobe, by contrast, cannot make ATP in the absence of oxygen, and obligate anaerobes die in the presence of oxygen.^[2]

Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp.,^[3] Escherichia coli, Listeria spp.^[4] and Shewanella oneidensis. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae^[5] and many aquatic invertebrates such as Nereid (worm) polychaetes.^[6]

References

^ Hogg, S. (2005). Essential Microbiology (1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 99–100. ISBN 0-471-49754-1.
^ Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA (1996). Microbiology (3rd ed.). Wm. C. Brown Publishers. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-697-29390-4.
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 261–271, 273–296. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Singleton P (1999). Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 444–454. ISBN 0-471-98880-4.
^ Carlile MJ, Watkinson SC, Gooday GW (2001). The Fungi (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 85-105. ISBN 0-12-738446-4.
^ Schöttler, U. (November 30, 1979). "On the Anaerobic Metabolism of Three Species of Nereis (Annelida)" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series 1: 249–54. doi:10.3354/meps001249. ISSN 1616-1599. Retrieved February 14, 2010.

External links

Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria
Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria
Anaerobic Bacteria and Anaerobic Bacteria in the decomposition (stabilization) of organic matter.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 嫌気菌：ヒトの正常細菌叢における歴史および役割 anaerobic bacteria history and role in normal human flora
2. 嫌気性細菌感染 anaerobic bacterial infections
3. 嫌気性感染症における病態生理：臨床的な手がかり、および微生物の回収方法 pathophysiology clinical clues and recovery of organisms in anaerobic infections
4. メトロニダゾール：概要 metronidazole an overview
5. 口腔内裂傷の評価およびマネージメント assessment and management of intra oral lacerations

English Journal

Culturable aerobic and facultative bacteria from the gut of the polyphagic dung beetle Thorectes lusitanicus Jeckel.

Hernández N, Escudero JA, Millán AS, González-Zorn B, Lobo JM, Verdú JR, Suárez M.Author information Dept. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, CP 28040, Madrid.AbstractUnlike other dung beetles, the Iberian geotrupid Thorectes lusitanicus exhibits polyphagous behavior; for example, it is able to eat acorns, fungi, fruits, and carrion in addition to the dung of different mammals. This adaptation to digest a wider diet has physiological and developmental advantages and requires key changes in the composition and diversity of the beetle's gut microbiota. In this study, we isolated aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and aerotolerant microbiota amenable to grow in culture from the gut contents of T. lusitanicus and resolved isolate identity to the species level by sequencing 16S rRNA gene fragments. Using BLAST similarity searches and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses, we were able to reveal that the analyzed fraction (culturable, aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and aerotolerant) of beetle gut microbiota is dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Among Proteobacteria, members of the order Enterobacteriales (Gammaproteobacteria) were the most abundant. The main functions associated with the bacteria found in the gut of T. lusitanicus would likely include nitrogen fixation, denitrification, detoxification, and diverse defensive roles against pathogens. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Insect science.Insect Sci.2013 Dec 12. doi: 10.1111/1744-7917.12094. [Epub ahead of print]
Unlike other dung beetles, the Iberian geotrupid Thorectes lusitanicus exhibits polyphagous behavior; for example, it is able to eat acorns, fungi, fruits, and carrion in addition to the dung of different mammals. This adaptation to digest a wider diet has physiological and developmental advantages
PMID 24339348

The effects of stress hormones on growth of selected periodontitis related bacteria.

Jentsch HF, März D, Krüger M.Author information University Hospital of Leipzig, Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Centre for Periodontology, Liebigstr. 12, D-04103, Germany. Electronic address: jenh@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.AbstractThe focus of this study was to examine in vitro the effects of stress hormones (catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and hydrocortisone: cortisol) on the growth of four anaerobic species of periodontitis-related bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia) and one facultative anaerobic species (Eikenella corrodens). Bacterial growth was determined by two different methods: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and the viable count by culture method. To simulate stress, each single strain was grown in a special growth medium with three different concentrations of each hormone, using an anaerobic chamber at 37 °C. Growth of F. nucleatum increased in the presence of all stress hormones. Growth of P. gingivalis was not significantly influenced by any hormone. Growth of P. intermedia and E. corrodens was inhibited by almost all stress hormones tested. Both methods of analysis revealed that the highest concentrations of norepinephrine and cortisol increased the growth of T. forsythia. Different hormones have a different effect on the growth of periodontitis-related bacteria in vitro. It appears that bacterial viability is more strongly influenced than is bacterial metabolic activity. The growth of F. nucleatum particularly and partially of T. forsythia is increased by several stress hormones and may have an additional negative impact on periodontal disease.
Anaerobe.Anaerobe.2013 Dec;24:49-54. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 13.
The focus of this study was to examine in vitro the effects of stress hormones (catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and hydrocortisone: cortisol) on the growth of four anaerobic species of periodontitis-related bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotell
PMID 24036419

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry for rapid identification of Laribacter hongkongensis.

Tang BS, Lau SK, Teng JL, Chan TM, Chan WS, Wong TY, Tong YT, Fan RY, Yuen KY, Woo PC.Author information Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, , Hong Kong, China.AbstractLaribacter hongkongensis is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, motile, S-shaped, urease-positive bacillus associated with invasive infections in liver cirrhosis patients and community-acquired gastroenteritis. Most cases of L hongkongensis infections occur in eastern countries. Information is lacking on the usefulness of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the identification of bacteria important in eastern countries. Using the Bruker database extended with 21 L hongkongensis reference strains, all 240 L hongkongensis isolates recovered from patients, fish, frogs and water were correctly identified, with 224 (93.3%) strains having top match scores ≥2.0. Notably, the strain of Chromobacterium violaceum was not reliably identified although it is included in the database. MALDI-TOF MS is useful for the accurate routine identification of L hongkongensis after adding reference L hongkongensis main spectra to the database. The number of strains for each species in MALDI-TOF MS databases should be expanded to cover intraspecies variability.
Journal of clinical pathology.J Clin Pathol.2013 Dec;66(12):1081-3. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201651. Epub 2013 Jun 28.
Laribacter hongkongensis is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, motile, S-shaped, urease-positive bacillus associated with invasive infections in liver cirrhosis patients and community-acquired gastroenteritis. Most cases of L hongkongensis infections occur in eastern countries. Information is l
PMID 23814260

Japanese Journal

嫌気性菌の酸素適応機構0〜21%の様々なO_2濃度における微生物生態

川崎信治,鈴木一平,新村洋一
日本乳酸菌学会誌 = Journal of Japan Society for Lactic Acid Bacteria 24(2), 79-87, 2013-06-20
酸素（O2）は大気中に21％存在し、水に溶けて地中深部にまで浸透する。地球上の気液相は常に対流しており、自然界で完全な無酸素環境が維持される生態系は稀である。故に、地球上に生息する全ての生物は、反応性に富むO2 に適応・進化し、今日を生きていると考えられる。古くから嫌気性菌は「O2 存在下で生育できない」と解説されることが多い。しかし嫌気性菌のO2 適応機構に関する研究を通じて、嫌気性菌は「O2 …
NAID 10031184592

Effect of CO₂-flushed Packaging on Quality of Pink Shrimp Contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus

MAKINO Yoshio,ITO Yuki,OSHITA Seiichi [他]
日本包装学会誌 21(3), 203-212, 2012
NAID 40019345248

食肉由来Listeria monocytogenesの分子疫学と細胞侵入能に関する研究

山田文也
日本獣医生命科学大学研究報告 55, 130-132, 2006-12-01
… Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive and facultative anaerobe bacilliform bacterium that is classified in the Listeria family, and is an environmental contaminant that usually exists widely in the natural world. …
NAID 110006406743