WordNet

a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies)
the funds held by a gambling house or the dealer in some gambling games; "he tried to break the bank at Monte Carlo"
tip laterally; "the pilot had to bank the aircraft"
a building in which the business of banking transacted; "the bank is on the corner of Nassau and Witherspoon" (同)bank building
a flight maneuver; aircraft tips laterally about its longitudinal axis (especially in turning); "the plane went into a steep bank"
a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force (同)cant, camber
a long ridge or pile; "a huge bank of earth"
an arrangement of similar objects in a row or in tiers; "he operated a bank of switches"
sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water); "they pulled the canoe up on the bank"; "he sat on the bank of the river and watched the currents"
act as the banker in a game or in gambling
be in the banking business
cover with ashes so to control the rate of burning; "bank a fire"
do business with a bank or keep an account at a bank; "Where do you bank in this town?"
enclose with a bank; "bank roads"
look at (同)eyeball
a small hole or loop (as in a needle); "the thread wouldnt go through the eye"
the organ of sight (同)oculus, optic
attention to what is seen; "he tried to catch her eye"
good discernment (either visually or as if visually); "she has an eye for fresh talent"; "he has an artists eye"
100 bani equal 1 leu in Moldova
100 bani equal 1 leu in Romania
prohibit especially by legal means or social pressure; "Smoking is banned in this building"
an official prohibition or edict against something (同)banning, forbiddance, forbidding
forbid the public distribution of ( a movie or a newspaper) (同)censor
engaging in the business of keeping money for savings and checking accounts or for exchange or for issuing loans and credit etc.
transacting business with a bank; depositing or withdrawing funds or requesting a loan etc.
having an eye or eyes or eyelike feature especially as specified; often used in combination; "a peacocks eyed feathers"; "red-eyed"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『土手』,堤 / 川岸;《複数形で》(川の)両岸 / (土手のように)長く盛り上がったもの / 州(す),浅瀬 / (丘などの,通例けわしい)傾斜面,坂 / (飛行機が施回するときの)傾斜 / |'を'土手で囲う(守る) / …‘に'土手を築く / …'を'土手のように積み上げる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / (長くもたせるために)〈火〉‘に'灰をかぶせる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 〈機体・車体〉'を'横に傾ける / 積み重なる,層を成す《+『up』》 / 〈車・飛行機が〉横に傾く
『銀行』 / 貯金箱 / 貯蔵,蓄え / 《複合語に用いて》「…の貯蔵所」の意を表す / 〈金〉'を'銀行に預金する / 銀行業を営む / (…に)預金している《+『with(at)』+『名』》
(…の)列,段《+『of』+『名』》 / (ピアノ・タイプライターなどの)キーの列 / (ボートの)オールの列 / …'を'列に並べる
〈C〉(人・動物の器官としての)『目』 / 〈C〉(まぶた・まつ毛・まゆ毛などを含めて,外側からみえる)『目』,目の周り / 〈C〉(目の)虹彩 / 〈C〉『視力』,視覚 / 〈C〉《単数形で》『視線』,まなざし / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》警戒(観察,監視)の目 / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(…に対する)鑑識眼,物を見る目,(…を)見分ける力《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》物の見方;観点 / 〈C〉目に似たようなもの(じゃがいもの芽・クジャクの羽の眼状の点など) / 〈C〉針の目,めど / 〈C〉(かぎ・ホックの)受け / 〈C〉台風の目 / (好奇・疑いなどの目で)…‘を'じろじろ見る,注意して見る
(法による)(…に対する)『禁止』,禁制(prohibition)《+『on』+『名』》 / (世論などの)反対,非難 / (教会の)破門 / (法律や社会的圧力によって)…'を'『禁ずる』,禁止する
銀行業務(経営)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/30 08:38:42」(JST)

wiki en

Eye banks retrieve and store eyes for cornea transplants and research. The first eye bank was founded in 1944. Currently, in the United States, eye banks provide tissue for about 46,000 cornea transplants each year^[1] to treat conditions such as keratoconus^[2] and corneal scarring. In some cases, the white of the eye (sclera) is used to surgically repair recipient eyes. Unlike other organs and tissues, there is an adequate supply of corneas for transplants in the United States, and excess tissue is exported internationally,^[3] however, there is a shortage of corneal tissue internationally.

History

In 1944, the first eye bank was founded in New York City by two physicians, Dr. Townley Paton and Dr. John MacLean.^[4]

Recovery of Eye Tissue

"Recovery" refers to the retrieval of organs or tissues from a deceased organ donor.^[5] Recovery is currently the preferred term, although "harvesting" and "procurement" have been used in the past, they are considered inappropriate, harsh, and potentially inaccurate.^[6]^[7]

When an organ/tissue donor dies, consent for donation is obtained either from a donor registry or from the donor's next of kin. A recovery technician is then dispatched to the hospital, funeral home, or medical examiner's office to recover the donor's eyes. The recovery occurs within hours of the death of the donor.^[1] The entire eye, called the globe, may be surgically removed (enucleated), or only the cornea may be excised in-situ and placed in storage media. There is a wide variety of storage media used in eye banking. Commercial preparations as well as organ culture medium can preserve corneas. The eye tissue is then transported to the eye bank for processing.

Laboratory Processing

A sample of the donor's blood is also collected to test for infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and sometimes others. The blood type is also tested, although corneas do not receive any blood supply and match typing is not necessary for transplantation.

If the entire eye is enucleated during the original recovery, then the cornea and part of the sclera are removed and placed in a container with preservation medium, and the sclera is cleaned and then preserved in alcohol. The corneas are visually examined and evaluated underneath a slit-lamp, and the number of endothelial cells are counted underneath a specular microscope. The corneas are rated, usually on a scale of 0-4, for donor suitability based on the specular and slit-lamp evaluations.

Shortage and growth of eye banks

An estimated 900 new eye banks are necessary to meet the current demand for eye transplant tissue. There are currently 80 eye banks in the United States.^[8]

Regulations

The Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) was established in 1961, and its members include eye banks that operate not only in the United States, but also in Canada, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.^[9] The EBAA has established comprehensive medical standards for eye banks, and the standardized the training and certification of eye bank technicians.^[9] These interventions are considered major contributions to the current safety of eye transplantation.^[10] The EBAA is the national accrediting agency for eye banks. Accreditation requires site visits at least once every three years by the EBAA to evaluate adherence to established standards and quality control.^[11]

To avoid violating the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Eye banks must, through their legal anatomical authorizations, obtain consent which allows Eye Bank Association of America representatives access to donor information for accreditation reviews.

List of Eye Banks in the United States

Eye Bank Association of America^[12]
Connecticut Eye Bank and Research Center - Tissue Bank International^[13]
Doheny Eye and Tissue Transplant Bank - Tissue Banks International^[13]
Florida Lions Eye Bank
Georgia Eye Bank^[14]
Heartland Lions Eye Banks^[15]
International Sight Restoration^[16]
Iowa Lions Eye Bank^[17]
Lion's Medical Eye Bank of Eastern Virginia^[18]
Lions Eye Bank of West Central Ohio^[19]
Lions Eye Bank of Nebraska^[20]
Lions Eye Bank of North Dakota - Tissue Banks International
Lions VisionGift of Oregon^[21]
Lions Eye Bank of Delaware Valley^[22]
Medical Eye Bank of Maryland and Washington Eye Bank - Tissue Banks International^[13]
Medical Eye Bank of Florida - Tissue Banks International^[13]
Midwest Eye Banks (Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey & Ohio)^[23]
Minnesota Lions Eye Bank^[24]
New England Eye and Tissue Transplant Bank - Tissue Banks International^[13]
New Mexico Lions Eye Bank - Tissue Banks International^[13]
Northern California Transplant Bank - Tissue Banks International
Northeast Pennsylvania Lions Eye Bank
Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Bank^[25]
San Antonio Eye Bank - Tissue Banks International^[13]
SightLife^[26]
South Dakota Lions Eye & Tissue Bank^[27]
The National Eye Bank Center - Tissue Banks International^[13]
Miracles In Sight^[28]
Utah Lions Eye Bank ^[29]
Vision Share^[30]

References

^ ^a ^b "Eye Banking FAQs". Eye Bank Association of America. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
^ Romero-Jiménez, M.; Santodomingo-Rubido, J.; Wolffsohn, J. S. (2010). "Keratoconus: A review". Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 33 (4): 157–166; quiz 166. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2010.04.006. PMID 20537579. edit
^ "2009 Eye Banking Statistical Report" (pdf). Eye Bank Association of America. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ Payne, John W. (1980). "The past twenty-five years in eye banking" (pdf). Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 78: 983–1026. PMC 1312164. PMID 7020217. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ Health Resources & Services Administration. "Terms and Topics - R". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ "Press Room". Michigan Organ Tissue and Donation Program. Gift of Life Michigan. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ "Preferred Terminology". Lifebanc. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ "Bernardino Iliakis". University of Washington. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ ^a ^b "Eye Bank Association of America, Inc. - EBAA". National Health Information Center. Archived from the original on 2012-10-10.
^ Chu, W. (2000). "The past twenty-five years in eye banking". Cornea 19 (5): 754–765. doi:10.1097/00003226-200009000-00020. PMID 11009327. edit
^ "Eye Bank Association of America’s Accreditation Status List" (pdf). EBAA. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ Eye Bank Association of America. "Home | Eye Bank Association of America". Restoresight.org. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Accreditation and Licensure - About TBI - TBI/Tissue Banks International". Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ "Georgia Eye Bank, Inc". Georgiaeyebank.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ "Heartland Lions Eye Banks | The Gift of Sight". Hleb.org. 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ "International Sight Restoration, Inc". Internationalsight.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ "Iowa Lions Eyebank". Iowa Lions Eyebank. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ "Lions Medical Eye Bank and Research Center of Eastern Virginia". Lionseyebank.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ http://lebwcoonline.org
^ http://eyebanknebraska.org
^ "Lions VisionGift: Cornea grafting to restore eyesight". visiongift.org. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
^ "Lions Eye Bank of Delaware Valley". lebdv.org. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
^ "MIDWEST EYE-BANKS - Dedicated to the Restoration of Sight". Mebtc.org. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ "Minnesota Lions Eye Bank". Mnlionseyebank.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ "Share the Circle of Light". Corneas.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ "Seattle nonprofit brings vision to India". Puget Sound Business Journal. October 14, 2011. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
^ "South Dakota Lions Eye & Tissue Bank". sdletb.org. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
^ "Home - Miracles In Sight". miraclesinsight.org. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
^ "Utah Lion's Eye Bank". Utah Lion's Eye Bank. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
^ "Vision Share". Vision Share. Retrieved 2012-07-08.

External links

International Journal of Eye Banking
Perspectives in eye banking
What is eye banking?

UpToDate Contents

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1. Approach to eye injuries in the emergency department
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English Journal

A Simple and Reliable Technique to Orient Donor Corneal Tissue Using the Radial Width of the Surgical Limbus.

Aldrich BT1, Stockman AM, Freiburger MJ, Shinkunas TJ, Burckart KA, Schmidt GA, Reed CR, Zimmerman MB, Goins KM, Wagoner MD, Greiner MA.
Cornea.Cornea.2015 Dec;34(12):1632-6. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000652.
PURPOSE: To develop a method based on identification of the widest region of the surgical limbus that can yield quick and accurate orientation of excised human donor corneas.METHODS: Corneoscleral tissue from donors 49 to 75 years old was marked at the temporal sclera at the time of recovery. Digita
PMID 26488631

Keratoplasty in the United States: A 10-Year Review from 2005 through 2014.

Park CY1, Lee JK2, Gore PK3, Lim CY4, Chuck RS5.
Ophthalmology.Ophthalmology.2015 Dec;122(12):2432-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.08.017. Epub 2015 Sep 19.
PURPOSE: To report evolving indications and preferred techniques of corneal transplantation in the United States.DESIGN: Retrospective review.METHODS: Annual reports from the Eye Bank Association of America on corneal graft distribution in the United States from 2005 through 2014 were reviewed.MAIN
PMID 26386848

Quantification and Patterns of Endothelial Cell Loss Due to Eye Bank Preparation and Injector Method in Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Tissues.

Schallhorn JM1, Holiman JD, Stoeger CG, Chamberlain W.
Cornea.Cornea.2015 Nov 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: To evaluate endothelial cell damage after eye bank preparation and passage through 1 of 2 different injectors for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty grafts.METHODS: Eighteen Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty grafts were prepared by Lions VisionGift with the standard partial
PMID 26583280

Japanese Journal

Early changes in corneal edema following torsional phacoemulsification using anterior segment optical coherence tomography and Scheimpflug photography