external nose

WordNet

1. push or move with the nose
2. a small distance; "my horse lost the race by a nose"
3. a front that resembles a human nose (especially the front of an aircraft); "the nose of the rocket heated up on reentry"
4. the front or forward projection of a tool or weapon; "he ducked under the nose of the gun"
5. the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory tract; the prominent part of the face of man or other mammals; "he has a cold in the nose" (同)olfactory_organ
6. a natural skill; "he has a nose for good deals"
7. a symbol of inquisitiveness; "keep your nose out of it"
8. the sense of smell (especially in animals); "the hound has a good nose"
9. advance the forward part of with caution; "She nosed the car into the left lane"
10. defeat by a narrow margin
11. used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement; "no, you are wrong"
12. a negative; "his no was loud and clear"
13. referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present; "he was no heavier than a child" (同)no more
14. not in any degree or manner; not at all; "he is no better today"
15. quantifier; used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns for indicating a complete or almost complete lack or zero quantity of; "we have no bananas"; "no eggs left and no money to buy any"; "have you no decency?"; "did it with no help"; "Ill get you there in no time"
16. purely outward or superficial; "external composure"; "an external concern for reputation"- A.R.Gurney,Jr.
17. outward features; "he enjoyed the solemn externals of religion"
18. coming from the outside; "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph"; "relying upon an extraneous income"; "disdaining outside pressure groups" (同)extraneous, outside
19. from or between other countries; "external commerce"; "international trade"; "developing nations need outside help" (同)international, outside
20. happening or arising or located outside or beyond some limits or especially surface; "the external auditory canal"; "external pressures"
21. a nonresident doctor or medical student; connected with a hospital but not living there (同)medical extern
22. having a nose (either literal or metaphoric) especially of a specified kind

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『鼻』 / 《単数形で》(…に対する)『嗅覚』(きゅうかく)《+『for』+『名』》 / (鼻のように)突起した部分;船首,機首 / 《単数形で》(…を)かぎつける力《+『for』+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'鼻で押す,鼻でさわる(こする) / …‘を'鼻でかぐ,‘を'においをかぐ;…‘を'においで知る / (…の)においをかぐ《+『at』+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(用心しながら)鼻先を向けて進む
2. 《名詞の前に置いて》『一つも』(『一人も,少しも』)・・・『ない』 / 《補語につけて》『決して・・・でない』 / 《省略文で》・・・なし;・・・お断り / 《話》少ししか(あまり)・・・ない / (肯定の問いに対して)『いいえ』;(否定の問いに対して)はい,ええ / 《not, norの前に挿入して》『いや』,否 / 《形容詞の前に置その形容詞を否定して》…どころではない / 《比較級の前に置いて》ちっとも…でない,…と全く同じ / 《… or no の形で》…であってもなくても / 《驚き・困惑・不信などを表して》とんでもない / 《単数形で》『拒否』,「『いいえ』」という返事 / 《複数形で》反対[投]票
3. 『外側の』,外部の / (作用・動作などが)『外側からの』,外部からの / 表面上の,見せかけの / 体外の;体外用の / 外国の(foreign) / (…の)外観,外形《+『of』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/28 07:28:59」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Human nose
Human nose in profile
Illustration of nose diagram
Latin	nasus
Artery	sphenopalatine artery, greater palatine artery
Vein	facial vein
Nerve	external nasal nerve

A human nose from the front.

The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils. On average the nose of a male is larger than that of a female.

The nose has an area of specialised cells which are responsible for smelling (part of the olfactory system). Another function of the nose is the conditioning of inhaled air, warming it and making it more humid. Hairs inside the nose prevent large particles from entering the lungs. Sneezing is usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa, but can more rarely be caused by sudden exposure to bright light (called the photic sneeze reflex) or touching the external auditory canal. Sneezing is a means of transmitting infections because it creates aerosols in which the droplets can harbour microbes.

Anatomy

Main article: Anatomy of the human nose

The nasal root is the top of the nose, forming an indentation at the suture where the nasal bones meet the frontal bone. The anterior nasal spine is the thin projection of bone at the midline on the lower nasal margin, holding the cartilaginous center of the nose. Adult humans have nasal hairs in the anterior nasal passage.

Related medical conditions

One of the most common medical conditions involving the nose are nosebleeds (in medicine: epistaxis). Most of them occur in Kiesselbach's area (synonym: Little's area). Nasal congestion is a common symptom of infections or other inflammations of the nasal lining (rhinitis), such as in allergic rhinitis or vasomotor rhinitis (resulting from nasal spray abuse). Most of these conditions also cause anosmia, which is the medical term for a loss of smell. This may also occur in other conditions, for example following trauma, in Kallmann syndrome or Parkinson's disease.

Nose-picking is a common, mildly taboo habit. Medical risks include the spread of infections, nosebleeds and, rarely, self-induced perforation of the nasal septum. The wiping of the nose with the hand, commonly referred to as the "allergic salute", is also mildly taboo and can result in the spreading of infections as well. Habitual as well as fast or rough nose wiping may also result in a crease (known as a transverse nasal crease or groove) running across the nose, and can lead to permanent physical deformity observable in childhood and adulthood.

Nose fetishism (or nasophilia) is the sexual fetish (or paraphilia) for the nose. The psychiatric condition of extreme nose picking is termed rhinotillexomania.

The nose is a common site of foreign bodies. The nose is susceptible to frostbite. Nasal flaring is a sign of respiratory distress that involves widening of the nostrils on inspiration.

Because of the special nature of the blood supply to the human nose and surrounding area, it is possible for retrograde infections from the nasal area to spread to the brain. For this reason, the area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose, including the nose and maxilla, is known to doctors as the danger triangle of the face.

A rhinoplasty plastic surgery for aesthetic surgery Specific systemic diseases, infections or other conditions that may result in destruction of part of the nose (for example, the nasal bridge, or nasal septal perforation) are rhinophyma, skin cancer (for example, basal cell carcinoma), Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy and exposure to cocaine, chromium or toxins. The nose may be stimulated to grow in acromegaly.

Samter's triad is the simultaneous occurrence in a patient of asthma, nasal polyps and aspirin sensitivity.

Culture

See also: Aquiline nose

Some people choose to get rhinoplasty to change the aesthetic appearance of their nose. Nose piercings are also common, such as nostril, septum or bridge.

In New Zealand, nose pressing ("hongi") is a traditional greeting amongst Maori people. However it is now generally confined to certain traditional celebrations.

The Hanazuka monument enshrines the mutilated noses of at least 38,000 Koreans killed during the Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592 to 1598.

A sexual fetish (or paraphilia) for the nose is called nasophilia.

Jewish people are often portrayed as having large noses in antisemitic propaganda. The term "Jewish nose" is controversial. In China and some other locations in East Asia, Westerners (Caucasians) are often designated as having "big" or "high" noses, due to the differences in shape and proportion between noses typical of Caucasians and those typical of Chinese.

Evolutionary hypotheses

Neanderthals

Clive Finlayson of the Gibraltar Museum said the large Neanderthal noses were an adaption to the cold, Todd C. Rae of the American Museum of Natural History said primate and arctic animal studies have shown sinus size reduction in areas of extreme cold rather than enlargement in accordance with Allen's rule. Therefore, Todd C. Rae concludes that the design of the large and prognathic Neanderthal nose was evolved for the hotter climate of the Middle East and was kept when the Neanderthals entered Europe.

Miquel Hernández of the Department of Animal Biology at the University of Barcelona said the "high and narrow nose of Eskimos" and "Neanderthals" is an "adaption to a cold and dry environment", since it contributes to warming and moisturizing the air and the "recovery of heat and moisture from expired air".

Humans

An article published in the speculative journal Medical Hypotheses suggested that the nose is an alteration of the angle of skull following human skeletal changes due to bipedalism. This changed the shape of the skull base causing, together with change in diet, a knock-on morphological reduction in the relative size of the maxillary and mandible and through this a "squeezing" of the protrusion of the most anterior parts of the face more forward and so increasing nose prominence and modifying its shape.

The aquatic ape hypothesis relates the nose to a hypothesized period of aquatic adaptation in which the downward-facing nostrils and flexible philtrum prevented water from entering the nasal cavities. The theory is not generally accepted by mainstream scholars of human evolution.

Neoteny

Main article: Neoteny

Stephen Jay Gould has noted that larger noses are less neotenous, especially the large "Grecian" nose. Women have smaller noses than men due to not having "increased secretion of testosterone in adolescence" and smaller noses are considered more attractive on women. Werner syndrome, a condition that causes the appearance of premature aging, causes a "bird-like" appearance due to pinching of the nose while, conversely, Down syndrome, a neotenizing condition, causes flattening of the nose.

See also

• Empty nose syndrome, a nose crippled by excessive resection of the inferior and/or middle turbinates of the nose
• Jala neti, an Ayurvedic technique of nasal cleansing
• Nasal administration
• Nasal sebum, the greasy substance on the outer part of the nose
• Sròn, the Scottish Gaelic word for nose and the name of some hills in the Scottish Highlands
• Nasion the curve part at top of nose, between eyebrows

References

Further reading

• Encyclopædia Britannica Micropedia, 1982

External links

• From the Nose to the Eustachian Tube: Information, videos, tips for diving
• Your Nose: The Guardian Of Your Lungs

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 鼻症状の原因：概要 etiologies of nasal symptoms an overview
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• 4. 小児における鼻の外傷および骨折 nasal trauma and fractures in children
• 5. 幼児および小児における精密な神経学的評価 detailed neurologic assessment of infants and children

English Journal

• Porphyrins-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Chemiresistive Sensor Arrays for VOCs.

• Shirsat MD, Sarkar T, Kakoullis J Jr, Myung NV, Konnanath B, Spanias A, Mulchandani A.SourceDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
• The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces.J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces.2012 Sep 2;116(5):3845-3850.
• Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been used extensively for sensor fabrication due to its high surface to volume ratio, nanosized structure and interesting electronic property. Lack of selectivity is a major limitation for SWNTs-based sensors. However, surface modification of SWNTs with a
• PMID 22393460

Japanese Journal

• 診断，治療に苦慮した声門下狭窄の1症例:―13歳男児　再発性多発軟骨炎―

• 高畑 淳子,佐々木 亮,井上 卓,武田 育子,西澤 尚徳,松原 篤
• 耳鼻咽喉科免疫アレルギー 32(1), 7-11, 2014
• 再発性多発軟骨炎は，全身の軟骨組織，ムコ多糖類を多く含む組織，例えば耳介，鼻，眼，関節，蝸牛前庭などの炎症を反復する大変稀な疾患である。病初期では十分な症状がそろわずに，診断基準を満たさず診断が難しいことがある。本症例は，13歳男児で，診断と治療に難渋した。最初の症状は，左感音難聴，めまいで，治療後，睡眠時無呼吸，嗄声（声門下狭窄）が出現した。症状が十分そろわず，診断が確定するまでに数か月要し，十 …
• NAID 130003396268

• Midfacial degloving法を用いて切除した鼻腔化膿性肉芽腫例

• 釆野 舞侑,安田 誠,武藤 陽子,楠本 真弓,恋水 諄源,西野 健一,久 育男
• 耳鼻咽喉科臨床 107(4), 309-316, 2014
• … The author encountered a case of pyogenic granuloma of the nasal cavity which was resected via the midfacial degloving approach.A 31-year-old woman, 2 months after delivery of a baby, presented with spontaneous left-sided epistaxis and swelling of the bridge of the nose that had started 1 month previously. … We determined to resect the mass because it remained 2 months after delivery without spontaneous regression.We chose the midfacial degloving approach to gain access to regions of the midface without external incisions. …
• NAID 130003395644

• Orthodontic Treatment in Combination with Le Fort II Bone Distraction in Patient with Apert Syndrome

• Miyazaki Haruyo,Katada Hidenori,Ichinokawa Yoshimi,Hirabayashi Shinichi,Sueishi Kenji
• The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College 54(1), 9-17, 2013
• … Next, Le Fort II maxillary osteotomy was performed to distract the midface bone 16 mm anteroinferiorly using a rigid external distraction system. … Elongation of the dorsum of the nose, in particular, allowed esthetic improvement of the saddle nose. …
• NAID 130004471731

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「外鼻」
関連記事	「external」「nose」

「外鼻」

　　[★]

英

external nose (Z)

英

external nose

「external」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 外部の、外側の、外の

関

exo、exterior、externally、extra、lateral、laterale、lateralis、laterally、outer、outside

　 　 　 　 　 　

「nose」

　　[★]

• n.

• 鼻、鼻端。嗅覚、匂い。機首、船首、突出部。ノーズ