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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/06 05:07:10」(JST)
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This article is about the S enantiomer of the drug. For its racemic form, see citalopram.
"Cipralex" redirects here. It is not to be confused with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin or its various brand names such as Cipro.
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| (S)-1-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile | |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Lexapro |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a603005 |
| Licence data | US FDA:link |
| Pregnancy cat. | C (AU) C (US) |
| Legal status | Prescription Only (S4) (AU) POM (UK) ℞-only (US) |
| Routes | Oral |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 80% |
| Protein binding | ~56% |
| Metabolism | Liver, specifically the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 |
| Half-life | 27–32 hours |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 128196-01-0 Y |
| ATC code | N06AB10 |
| PubChem | CID 146570 |
| DrugBank | DB01175 |
| ChemSpider | 129277 Y |
| UNII | 4O4S742ANY Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:36791 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1508 Y |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C20H21FN2O |
| Mol. mass | 324.392 g/mol (414.43 as oxalate) |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| N (what is this?) (verify) | |
Escitalopram (also known under various trade names such as Lexapro (AU, HK, IE, MX, NZ, PH, SG, US), Cipralex (CA, IL, RU, ZA, UK)) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of adults and children over 12 years of age with major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Escitalopram is the (S)-stereoisomer (enantiomer) of the earlier Lundbeck drug citalopram, hence the name escitalopram. Whether escitalopram exhibits superior therapeutic properties to citalopram or merely represents an example of "evergreening" is controversial.[1]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Depression
- 1.2 Anxiety disorder
- 1.3 Other
- 2 Adverse effects
- 2.1 List of adverse effects
- 2.2 Discontinuation symptoms
- 2.3 Overdose
- 3 Drug/Food Interactions
- 4 Pharmacology
- 5 History
- 6 Controversy
- 7 Brand names
- 8 References
- 9 Cited texts
- 10 External links
Medical uses
Escitalopram has FDA approval for the treatment of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in adults.[2] In European countries, it is approved for depression (MDD) and certain anxiety disorders: general anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia.
Depression
Escitalopram was approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of major depressive disorder on the basis of four placebo controlled, multi-center, double-blind clinical trials, three of which demonstrated a statistical superiority to placebo.[3] Nonetheless, considerable controversy exists regarding the superiority of escitalopram to its predecessor citalopram. The importance of this issue follows from the greater cost of excitalopram relative to the generic mixture of isomers citalopram prior to the expiration of the escitalopram patent in 2012, which led to charges of "evergreening". Accordingly, this issue has been examined in at least 10 different systematic reviews and meta analyses. The most recent of these have concluded (with caveats in some cases) that escitalopram is modestly superior to citalopram in efficacy and/or tolerability.[4][5][6][7]
In contrast to these findings, a 2011 review concluded that all second generation antidepressants are equally effective,[8] and treatment guidelines issued by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence and by the American Pyschiatric Association generally reflect this viewpoint.[9][10]
The utility of antidepressant drugs in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression is itself controversial. This issue is discussed in detail in the SSRI article.
Anxiety disorder
There may be a significant improvement in GAD symptoms as early as the first week and the majority of patients respond by week eight with a significant improvement in functioning.[11][12] It also seems effective in the long-term with relapse on escitalopram (20%) less than placebo (50%).[13]
Escitalopram and citalopram appear equally effective in panic disorder.[14]
Other
Escitalopram as well as other SSRIs are effective in reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, whether taken in the luteal phase only or continuously.[15] There is no good data available for escitalopram for seasonal affective disorder as of 2011.[16]
Adverse effects
Escitalopram, like other SSRIs, has been shown to affect sexual functions causing side effects such as decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, genital anesthesia,[17] and anorgasmia.[18][19]
An analysis conducted by the FDA found a statistically insignificant 1.5 to 2.4-fold (depending on the statistical technique used) increase of suicidality among the adults treated with escitalopram for psychiatric indications.[20][21][22] Similarly, the UK MHRA data indicate an 80% increase of suicide-related events, not reaching statistical significance, in the escitalopram vs. placebo patients.[23] The authors of a related study note the general problem with statistical approaches: due to the rarity of suicidal events in clinical trials, it is hard to draw firm conclusions with a sample smaller than two million patients.[24] A single case report described a patient developing suicidal ideations after beginning treatment with escitalopram, and suicidal ideation disappearing after stopping the treatment.[25]
Escitalopram is not associated with significant weight gain. For example, 0.6 kg mean weight change after 6 months of treatment with escitalopram for depression was insignificant and similar to that with placebo (0.2 kg).[26] 1.4–1.8 kg mean weight gain was reported in 8-month trials of escitalopram for depression,[27] and generalized anxiety disorder.[28] A 52-week trial of escitalopram for the long-term treatment of depression in elderly also found insignificant 0.6 kg mean weight gain.[29] Escitalopram may help reduce weight in those treated for binge eating associated obesity.[30]
Citalopram and escitalopram are associated with dose-dependent QT interval prolongation[31] and should not be used in those with congenital long QT syndrome or known pre-existing QT interval prolongation, or in combination with other medicines that prolong the QT interval. ECG measurements should be considered for patients with cardiac disease, and electrolyte disturbances should be corrected before starting treatment. For citalopram, new restrictions on the maximum daily doses now apply: 40 mg for adults; 20 mg for patients older than 65 years; and 20 mg for those with hepatic impairment. For escitalopram, the maximum daily dose for patients older than 65 years is now reduced to 10 mg/day; other doses remain unchanged.[32][33]
Escitalopram should be taken with caution when using Saint John's wort.[34] Exposure to escitalopram is increased moderately, by about 50%, when it is taken with omeprazole. The authors of this study suggested that this increase is unlikely to be of clinical concern.[35] Caution should be used when taking cough medicine containing dextromethorphan (DXM) as serotonin syndrome, liver damage, and other negative side effects have been reported.
List of adverse effects
[36][37][38][39]
Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Headache
- Nausea
Common (1-10% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Insomnia
- Somnolence
- Dizziness
- Paraesthesia
- Tremor
- Decreased appetite
- Increased appetite
- Weight gain
- Anxiety
- Restlessness
- Abnormal dreams
- Libido decreased
- Anorgasmia
- Sinusitis
- Yawning
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Vomiting
- Dry mouth
- Excessive sweating
- Arthralgia (joint pain)
- Myalgia (muscular aches and pains)
- Fatigue
- Pyrexia (fever)
- Ejaculation disorder,
- Impotence (erectile dysfunction)
Uncommon (0.1-1% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Weight loss
- Bruxism (teeth grinding)
- Agitation
- Nervousness
- Panic attack
- Confusional state
- Taste disturbance
- Sleep disorder
- Syncope (fainting)
- Mydriasis
- Visual disturbance
- Tinnitus (hearing ringing in the ears)
- Tachycardia (high heart rate)
- Epistaxis (nosebleed)
- Gastrointestinal haemorrhages (including rectal haemorrhage)
- Urticaria (hives)
- Alopecia (hair loss)
- Rash
- Pruritus (itching)
- Metrorrhagia
- Menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding)
- Oedema (accumulation of fluids in the tissues of the body)
Rare (<0.1% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Anaphylactic reaction (a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction)
- Serotonin syndrome a potentially fatal complication of excess serotonin in the nervous system leading to diaphoresis (profuse sweating), tremor, tachycardia, diarrhoea, shivering, hyperreflexia (overactive reflexes), mental status changes (e.g. confusion, hypomania, agitation), etc.
- Aggression
- Depersonalisation
- Hallucination
- Bradycardia
Unknown incidence adverse effects include:
- Thrombocytopenia
- Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
- Hyponatraemia (low blood sodium)
- Mania (a dangerously elated or irritable mood)
- Suicidal ideation
- Suicidal behaviour
- Dyskinesia
- Movement disorder
- Convulsion
- Psychomotor restlessness/akathisia
- Electrocardiogram QT prolonged (an abnormality in the heart's electrical cycle)
- Ventricular arrhythmia including torsade de pointes
- Orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure that occurs upon standing up)
- Hepatitis (liver swelling)
- Liver function test abnormal
- Ecchymosis (bruising without a physiologic reason)
- Angioedemas
- Urinary retention (being unable to urinate)
- Galactorrhoea (lactation that is not associated with breastfeeding and pregnancy)
- Priapism (a painful, prolonged erection)
Discontinuation symptoms
Main article: SSRI discontinuation syndrome
Escitalopram discontinuation, particularly abruptly, may cause certain withdrawal symptoms such as "electric shock" sensations[40] (also known as "brain shivers" or "brain zaps"), dizziness, acute depressions and irritability, bladder control issues, as well as heightened senses of akathisia.[41]
Human data suggests there's a risk when taking Lexapro in the third trimester of pregnancy.[42]
Overdose
Excessive doses of escitalopram usually cause relatively minor untoward effects such as agitation and tachycardia. However, dyskinesia, hypertonia, and clonus may occur in some cases. Plasma escitalopram concentrations are usually in a range of 20-80 μg/L in therapeutic situations and may reach 80-200 μg/L in the elderly, patients with hepatic dysfunction, those who are poor CYP2C19 metabolizers or following acute overdose. Monitoring of the drug in plasma or serum is generally accomplished using chromatographic methods. Chiral techniques are available to distinguish escitalopram from its racemate, citalopram.[43][44][45] Escitalopram seems to be less dangerous than citalopram in overdose and comparable to other SSRIs.[46]
Drug/Food Interactions
Escitalopram, similarly to other SSRIs (with the exception of fluvoxamine), inhibits CYP2D6 and hence may increase plasma levels of a number of CYP2D6 substrates such as aripiprazole, risperidone, codeine, etc. Escitalopram can also prolong the QT interval and hence it is not recommended in patients that are concurrently on other medications that have the ability to prolong the QT interval. Being a SSRI escitalopram should not be given concurrently with MAOIs or other serotonergic medications.[47]
Pharmacology
Cipralex brand escitalopram 10mg package and tablet sheet
Escitalopram increases intrasynaptic levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron. Of the SSRIs currently on the market, escitalopram has the highest affinity for the human serotonin transporter (SERT). The enantiomer of escitalopram ((R)-citalopram) counteracts to a certain degree the serotonin-enhancing action of escitalopram. As a result, escitalopram has been claimed to be a more potent antidepressant than citalopram, which is a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers. In order to explain this phenomenon, researchers from Lundbeck proposed that escitalopram enhances its own binding via an additional interaction with another allosteric site on the transporter.[48] Further research by the same group showed that (R)-citalopram also enhances binding of escitalopram,[49] and therefore the allosteric interaction cannot explain the observed counteracting effect. In the most recent paper, however, the same authors again reversed their findings and reported that (R)-citalopram decreases binding of escitalopram to the transporter.[50] Although allosteric binding of escitalopram to the serotonin transporter is of unquestionable research interest, its clinical relevance is unclear since the binding of escitalopram to the allosteric site is at least 1000 times weaker than to the primary binding site.
Escitalopram is a substrate of P-glycoprotein and hence P-glycoprotein inhibitors such as verapamil and quinidine may improve its blood-brain penetrability.[51] In a preclinical study in rats combining escitalopram with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor enhanced its antidepressant-like effects.[51]
History
Escitalopram was developed in close cooperation between Lundbeck and Forest Laboratories. Its development was initiated in the summer of 1997, and the resulting new drug application was submitted to the U.S. FDA in March 2001. The short time (3.5 years) it took to develop escitalopram can be attributed to the previous extensive experience of Lundbeck and Forest with citalopram, which has similar pharmacology.[52] The FDA issued the approval of escitalopram for major depression in August 2002 and for generalized anxiety disorder in December 2003. On May 23, 2006, the FDA approved a generic version of escitalopram by Teva.[53] On July 14 of that year, however, the U.S. District Court of Delaware decided in favor of Lundbeck regarding the patent infringement dispute and ruled the patent on escitalopram valid.[54]
In 2006 Forest Laboratories was granted an 828 day (2 years and 3 months) extension on its US patent for escitalopram.[55] This pushed the patent expiration date from December 7, 2009 to September 14, 2011. Together with the 6-month pediatric exclusivity, the final expiration date was March 14, 2012.
Controversy
In 2004, two separate civil suits alleging illegal marketing of citalopram and escitalopram for use by children and teenagers by Forest were initiated by two whistleblowers, one by a non-practicing physician named Joseph Piacentile, and the other by a Forest salesman named Christopher Gobble who was disturbed by what he witnessed at Forest.[56]
In February 2009, these two suits received support from the US Attorney for Massachusetts and were combined into one. Eleven states and the District of Columbia have also filed notices of intention to intervene as plaintiffs in the action. At the time, these drugs were approved only for use by adults and the application for use of citalopram in children was specifically rejected by the FDA. Although it is not illegal for physicians to prescribe a medicine for an off-label use not approved by the Food and Drug Administration, it is illegal for a manufacturer to promote the drugs for such uses. The government alleged that a research study showing lack of effectiveness when taken by children was concealed from its own medical advisers and sales personnel, as well as from researchers who conducted a study financed by the company. From 2001 to 2004, Forest heavily promoted results from another clinical trial it had financed which showed the drug was effective. Federal prosecutors also allege that the company has paid kickbacks to doctors to induce them to prescribe the medicines to children. The kickbacks allegedly included baseball tickets, a $1000 certificate to one of the most expensive New York restaurants, and paid vacations. Further, the complaint alleges that in September 2004, a Forest executive testified before Congress: "I want to emphasize that, because the FDA has not approved pediatric labeling of our products, Forest has always been scrupulous about not promoting the pediatric use of our antidepressant drugs, Celexa and Lexapro. That is the law and we follow it." It is also alleged that the company conducted so-called "seeding studies" that were, in reality, marketing efforts to promote the drug's use by doctors.[57][58] Forest responded to these allegations that it "is committed to adhering to the highest ethical and legal standards, and off-label promotion and improper payments to medical providers have consistently been against Forest policy.[59]"
Brand names
Escitalopram is sold under the following brand names:
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References
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- ^ Sicras-Mainar A, Navarro-Artieda R, Blanca-Tamayo M, Gimeno-de la Fuente V, Salvatella-Pasant J (December 2010). "Comparison of escitalopram vs. citalopram and venlafaxine in the treatment of major depression in Spain: clinical and economic consequences". Curr Med Res Opin 26 (12): 2757–64. doi:10.1185/03007995.2010.529430. PMID 21034375. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
- ^ Gartlehner, G; Hansen, RA; Morgan, LC; Thaler, K; Lux, L; Van Noord, M; Mager, U; Thieda, P; Gaynes, BN; Wilkins, T; Strobelberger, M; Lloyd, S; Reichenpfader, U; Lohr, KN (Dec 6, 2011). "Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants for treating major depressive disorder: an updated meta-analysis.". Annals of internal medicine 155 (11): 772–85. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-11-201112060-00009. PMID 22147715. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
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- ^ Bolton JM, Sareen J, Reiss JP (2006). "Genital anesthesia persisting six years after sertraline discontinuation". J Sex Marital Ther 32 (4): 327–30. doi:10.1080/00926230600666410. PMID 16709553.
- ^ Clayton A, Keller A, McGarvey EL (2006). "Burden of phase-specific sexual dysfunction with SSRIs". Journal of Affective Disorders 91 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.007. PMID 16430968.
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- ^ Gunnell D, Saperia J, Ashby D (2005). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and suicide in adults: meta-analysis of drug company data from placebo controlled, randomized controlled trials submitted to the MHRA's safety review". BMJ 330 (7488): 385. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7488.385. PMC 549105. PMID 15718537.
- ^ Khan A, Schwartz K (2007). "Suicide risk and symptom reduction in patients assigned to placebo in duloxetine and escitalopram clinical trials: analysis of the FDA summary basis of approval reports". Ann Clin Psychiatry 19 (1): 31–6. doi:10.1080/10401230601163550. PMID 17453659.
- ^ Budur, Kumar; Hutzler, Jeffrey (June 2004). "Severe suicidal ideation with escitalopram (Lexapro): a case report". Primary Care Psychiatry 9 (2): 67–68. doi:10.1185/135525704125004222.
- ^ Baldwin DS, Reines EH, Guiton C, Weiller E (2007). "Escitalopram therapy for major depression and anxiety disorders". Ann Pharmacother 41 (10): 1583–92. doi:10.1345/aph.1K089. PMID 17848424.
- ^ Pigott TA, Prakash A, Arnold LM, Aaronson ST, Mallinckrodt CH, Wohlreich MM (2007). "Duloxetine versus escitalopram and placebo: an 8-month, double-blind trial in patients with major depressive disorder". Curr Med Res Opin 23 (6): 1303–18. doi:10.1185/030079907X188107. PMID 17559729.
- ^ Davidson JR, Bose A, Wang Q (2005). "Safety and efficacy of escitalopram in the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder". J Clin Psychiatry 66 (11): 1441–6. doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n1115. PMID 16420082.
- ^ Kasper S, Lemming OM, de Swart H (2006). "Escitalopram in the long-term treatment of major depressive disorder in elderly patients". Neuropsychobiology 54 (3): 152–9. doi:10.1159/000098650. PMID 17230032.
- ^ Guerdjikova, AI; McElroy SL, Kotwal R, et al. (January 2008). "High-dose escitalopram in the treatment of binge-eating disorder with obesity: a placebo-controlled monotherapy trial". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 23 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1002/hup.899. PMID 18058852. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
- ^ Castro V, Clements C, Murphy S "QT interval and antidepressant use: a cross sectional study of electronic health records" BMJ 2013;346:f288
- ^ "Citalopram and escitalopram: QT interval prolongation—new maximum daily dose restrictions (including in elderly patients), contraindications, and warnings". Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. December 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ Van Gorp, Freek; Whyte, Ian M.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2009). "Clinical and ECG Effects of Escitalopram Overdose". Annals of Emergency Medicine 54 (3): 404–8. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.04.016. PMID 19556032.
- ^ Karch, Amy (2006). 2006 Lippincott's Nursing Drug Guide. Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, London, Buenos Aires, Hong Kong, Sydney, Tokyo: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 1-58255-436-6.
- ^ Malling, D.; Poulsen, M.; Søgaard, B. (2005). "The effect of cimetidine or omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of escitalopram in healthy subjects". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 60 (3): 287–290. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02423.x. PMC 1884771. PMID 16120067. edit
- ^ "Lexapro (escitalopram) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
- ^ "Cipralex 5, 10 and 20 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
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- ^ "ESCITALOPRAM (escitalopram oxalate) tablet, film coated [Apotex Corp.]". DailyMed. Apotex Corp. September 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
- ^ Prakash and Dhar, J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 28: 359–60
- ^ "Lexapro – Warnings". RxList. 12/08/2004. Retrieved 2006-10-22. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ^ Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Rasmussen SA, Olney RS, Friedman JM, for the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2684–92.
- ^ van Gorp F, Whyte IM, Isbister GK. Clinical and ECG effects of escitalopram overdose. Ann. Emer. Med. 54: 404-408, 2009.
- ^ Haupt D. Determination of citalopram enantiomers in human plasma by liquid chromatographic separation on a Chiral-AGP column. J. Chrom. B 685: 299-305, 1996.
- ^ R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 552-553.
- ^ White, N; Litovitz, T; Clancy, C (December 2008). "Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type". Journal of Medical Toxicology 4 (4): 238–250. doi:10.1007/BF03161207. PMC 3550116. PMID 19031375. edit
- ^ Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional; 2010.
- ^ For an overview of supporting data, see Sánchez C, Bøgesø KP, Ebert B, Reines EH, Braestrup C (2004). "Escitalopram versus citalopram: the surprising role of the R-enantiomer". Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 174 (2): 163–76. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1865-z. PMID 15160261.
- ^ Chen F, Larsen MB, Sánchez C, Wiborg O (2005). "The (S)-enantiomer of (R,S)-citalopram, increases inhibitor binding to the human serotonin transporter by an allosteric mechanism. Comparison with other serotonin transporter inhibitors". European Neuropsychopharmacology 15 (2): 193–198. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.08.008. PMID 15695064.
- ^ Mansari ME, Wiborg O, Mnie-Filali O, Benturquia N, Sánchez C, Haddjeri N (2007). "Allosteric modulation of the effect of escitalopram, paroxetine and fluoxetine: in-vitro and in-vivo studies". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 10 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1017/S1461145705006462. PMID 16448580.
- ^ a b O'Brien, FE; O'Connor, RM; Clarke, G; Dinan, TG; Griffin, BT; Cryan, JF (October 2013). "P-glycoprotein inhibition increases the brain distribution and antidepressant-like activity of escitalopram in rodents". Neuropsychopharmacology 38 (11): 2209–2219. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.120. PMID 23670590.
- ^ "2000 Annual Report. p 28 and 33" (PDF). Lundbeck. 2000. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Miranda Hitti. "FDA OKs Generic Depression Drug – Generic Version of Lexapro Gets Green Light". WebMD. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ Marie-Eve Laforte (2006-07-14). "US court upholds Lexapro patent". FirstWord. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ "Forest Laboratories Receives Patent Term Extension for Lexapro" (Press release). PRNewswire-FirstCall. 2006-03-02. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
- ^ "Forest Laboratories: A Tale of Two Whistleblowers" article by Alison Frankel in The American Lawyer February 27, 2009
- ^ United States of America v. Forest Laboratories Full text of the federal complaint filed in the US District Court for the district of Massachusetts
- ^ "Drug Maker Is Accused of Fraud" article by Barry Meier and Benedict Carey in The New York Times February 25, 2009
- ^ "Forest Laboratories, Inc. Provides Statement in Response to Complaint Filed by U.S. Government" Forest press-release. February 26, 2009.
- "A Drug Maker’s Playbook Reveals a Marketing Strategy" article in The New York Times by Gardiner Harris, September 1, 2009
Cited texts
- Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (September 2009). British National Formulary (BNF 58). UK: BMJ Group and RPS Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85369-778-7.
External links
- U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal — Escitalopram
- Lexapro (Forest Laboratories) Official Lexapro homepage
- Cipralex (Lundbeck) Official Cipralex homepage
- Pharmacological information Lexapro
- Cipla Medpro Official Cipla Medpro homepage
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- 1. 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤：薬理学、投与方法、および副作用 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors pharmacology administration and side effects
- 2. 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤中毒 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor poisoning
- 3. 妊娠中の抗うつ薬のリスク：選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤（SSRI） risks of antidepressants during pregnancy selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ssris
- 4. 小児単極性うつ病および薬物療法：薬剤の選択 pediatric unipolar depression and pharmacotherapy choosing a medication
- 5. 小児への授乳による抗うつ薬およびベンゾジアゼピン曝露の安全性 safety of infant exposure to antidepressants and benzodiazepines through breastfeeding
English Journal
- Mass balance of pharmaceutical and personal care products in a pilot-scale single-sludge system: Influence of T, SRT and recirculation ratio.
- Suárez S, Reif R, Lema JM, Omil F.SourceSchool of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rue Lope Gomez de Marzoa s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
- Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2012 Sep;89(2):164-71. Epub 2012 Jun 23.
- The influence of operation condition on the fate of 16 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in a single-sludge nitrifying/denitrifying pilot plant was assessed. Volatilisation, sorption and degradation were included in the mass balances to determine the most relevant removal mechanisms
- PMID 22732303
- Fate of citalopram during water treatment with O(3), ClO(2), UV and fenton oxidation.
- Hörsing M, Kosjek T, Andersen HR, Heath E, Ledin A.SourceDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark; Water and Environmental Engineering at Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
- Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2012 Sep;89(2):129-35. Epub 2012 Jun 15.
- In the present study we investigate the fate of citalopram (CIT) at neutral pH using advanced water treatment technologies that include O(3), ClO(2) oxidation, UV irradiation and Fenton oxidation. The ozonation resulted in 80% reduction after 30min treatment. Oxidation with ClO(2) removed>90% CIT
- PMID 22704974
Japanese Journal
- Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Serotonin Neurons in WKY Rats Demonstrate Subresponsivity to an Acute Application of Escitalopram : Effect of Repeated Escitalopram Treatment
- 山田 麻記子,KAWAHARA Yukie,KANEKO Fumi,FURUSHIMA Yuki,DREMENCOV Eliyahu,KAWAHARA Hiroshi,NISHI Akinori
- 日本神経精神薬理学雑誌 = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology 32(2), 95-96, 2012-04-25
- NAID 10030656961
- 抗うつ薬療法におけるエスシタロプラムの臨床的意義 (特集 エスシタロプラムの基礎と臨床)
- 山田 浩樹,岩波 明
- 精神科 20(2), 178-184, 2012-02
- NAID 40019175693
Related Links
- Escitalopram, like other SSRIs, has been shown to affect sexual functions causing side effects such as decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, genital anesthesia, [22] and anorgasmia. [23] [24] Although usually reversible upon ...
- Zoloft,日本での商品名ジェイゾロフト）とescitalopram（Lexapro、日本国内未承認）が最も優れており、reboxetine（Edronax/Vestra、同）の有効性が最も低いことが、イタリアの研究で示された。 ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「エスシタロプラム」「エシタロプラム」 |
「エスシタロプラム」
特徴
- セロトニントランスポーターヘの選択性が高く、セロトニン以外の神経伝達物質への影響が少ない。
- 高親和性結合部位(プライマリーサイト)だけでなく、低親和性結合部位(アロステリックサイト)にも結合する。
- 治療用量である10mg/日から投与を開始できる。
適応症
- うつ病・うつ状態
離脱症状
- 身体症状：しびれ・耳鳴り・めまい・頭痛・吐き気・だるさ
- 精神症状：イライラ・ソワソワ感・不安・不眠
- 特徴的な症状：シャンピリ感・ビリビリする
- 減薬後1-3程度で出現し、2週間の経過で改善する。徐々に半量にし、あとは投与期間を空けてもよい。
「エシタロプラム」
- 英
- escitalopram
- 関
- シタロプラム