関: murine typhus

WordNet

native to or confined to a certain region; "the islands have a number of interesting endemic species"
a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location (同)endemic_disease
a plant that is native to a certain limited area; "it is an endemic found only this island"
of or relating to a disease (or anything resembling a disease) constantly present to greater or lesser extent in a particular locality; "diseases endemic to the tropics"; "endemic malaria"; "food shortages and starvation are endemic in certain parts of the world" (同)endemical
rickettsial disease transmitted by body lice and characterized by skin rash and high fever (同)typhus fever

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(特に病気が)ある地方(住民)に特有の,風土性の;(ある地方・住民に)特有の《+『to』+『名』》 / 風土病,地方病
発疹(はっしん)チフス

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/10 13:16:18」(JST)

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Murine typhus (also called endemic typhus^[1]) is a form of typhus transmitted by fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis^[1]), usually on rats. (This is in contrast to epidemic typhus, which is usually transmitted by lice.) Murine typhus is an under-recognized entity, as it is often confused with viral illnesses. Most people who are infected do not realize that they have been bitten by fleas.

Causes[edit]

It is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia typhi, and is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats.^[2] While rat fleas are the most common vectors, cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission. These fleas are not affected by the infection. Human infection occurs because of flea-fecal contamination of the bites on human skin. Rats, cats, possums maintain the rickettsia colonization by providing it with a host for its entire life cycle. Rats can develop the infection, and help spread the infection to other fleas that infect them, and help multiply the number of infected fleas that can then infect humans.

Less often, endemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia felis and transmitted by fleas carried by cats or opossums.^[3]

In the United States of America, Murine typhus is found most commonly in southern California,^[4] Texas and Hawaii. In some studies, up to 13% of children were found to have serological evidence of infection.^{[citation needed]}

Symptoms[edit]

Symptoms of endemic typhus include headache, fever, muscle pain, joint pain, nausea and vomiting. 40–50% of patients will develop a discrete rash six days after the onset of signs.^[5] Up to 45% will develop neurological signs such as confusion, stupor, seizures or imbalance.^[6]

Symptoms may resemble those of measles, rubella, or possibly Rocky Mountain spotted fever.^[7] These symptoms are likely caused by a vasculitis caused by the rickettsia.

Treatment and prognosis[edit]

Endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics.^[2] Most people recover fully, but death may occur in the elderly, severely disabled or patients with a depressed immune system. The most effective antibiotics include tetracycline and chloramphenicol.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1130. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
^ ^a ^b Information on Murine Typhus (Fleaborne Typhus) or Endemic Typhus Texas Department of State Health Services (2005).
^ Williams SG, Sacci JB, Schriefer ME, et al. (July 1992). "Typhus and typhuslike rickettsiae associated with opossums and their fleas in Los Angeles County, California". J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 (7): 1758–62. PMC 265376. PMID 1629332.
^ "Murine (endemic) Typhus" (PDF). California Department of Public Health. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ W. Michael Scheld; Richard J. Whitley; Christina M. Marra (25 March 2004). Infections of the Central Nervous System. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-7817-4327-3. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ "Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases sixth edition" Gerald L Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin. Elsevier Inc. 2005. pp. 2307
^ Current Medical Dianosis & Treatment 1999 ed. Lawrence M. Tierney, Jr., MD, Stephen J. McPhee, MD, Maxine A. Papadakis, MD, Appleton & Lange, 1999. pp.1286 ISBN 0-8385-1550-9

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1. 発疹熱の疫学および臨床症状 the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of murine typhus
2. 発疹熱の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of murine typhus
3. その他の紅斑熱群リケッチア感染 other spotted fever group rickettsial infections
4. ツツガ虫病：臨床的特徴および診断 scrub typhus clinical features and diagnosis
5. 中央アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to central africa

English Journal

Pancreatitis in scrub typhus: a rare complication.

Dhakal M1, Dhakal OP, Bhandari D.
BMJ case reports.BMJ Case Rep.2014 Apr 1;2014. pii: bcr2013201849. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-201849.
Scrub typhus is a zoonosis transmitted by a trombiculid mite which introduces bacteria of Orientia tsutsugamushi by its bite. The acute febrile illness is characterised by eschar at the site of the bite with maculopapular rashes and local and/or generalised lymphadenopathy. The disease is endemic in
PMID 24692372

High prevalence of Rickettsia typhi and Bartonella species in rats and fleas, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Laudisoit A1, Falay D, Amundala N, Akaibe D, de Bellocq JG, Van Houtte N, Breno M, Verheyen E, Wilschut L, Parola P, Raoult D, Socolovschi C.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.Am J Trop Med Hyg.2014 Mar;90(3):463-8. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0216. Epub 2014 Jan 20.
The prevalence and identity of Rickettsia and Bartonella in urban rat and flea populations were evaluated in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) by molecular tools. An overall prevalence of 17% Bartonella species and 13% Rickettsia typhi, the agent of murine typhus, was found in the co
PMID 24445202

Unusual genotypic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains causing human infections on Jeju Island.

Yoo JR1, Heo ST, Koh YS, Kim S, Kim S.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.Am J Trop Med Hyg.2014 Mar;90(3):507-10. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0511. Epub 2014 Jan 20.
We investigated the clinical characteristics and serologic types of tsutsugamushi disease on the largest island of South Korea. There were 141 patients with tsutsugamushi disease at Jeju National University Hospital and Seogwipo Medical Center between November of 2003 and December of 2012. Median ag
PMID 24445200