| Egg allergy |
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Fried chicken egg
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| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-9-CM |
V15.03 |
| MeSH |
D021181 |
Egg allergy is a type of food allergy. It is a hypersensitivity to dietary substances from the yolk or whites of eggs, causing an overreaction of the immune system which may lead to severe physical symptoms for millions of people around the world.[1]
Egg allergy appears mainly, but not exclusively, in children. In fact, it is the second most common food allergy in children.[2] (The most common is cows' milk allergy.) It is usually treated with an exclusion diet and vigilant avoidance of foods that may be contaminated with egg. The most severe food allergy reaction is called anaphylaxis[3] and is an emergency situation requiring immediate attention and treatment with epinephrine. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America estimates that most children outgrow egg allergy by the age of five, but some people remain allergic for a lifetime.[4]
Contents
- 1 Antigens
- 2 Diagnosis
- 3 Treatment
- 4 Prognosis
- 5 Vaccine hazard
- 6 Cooking without eggs
- 7 Egg white intolerance
- 8 Notable people allergic to eggs
- 9 See also
- 10 References
Antigens
Most people who are allergic to hen's eggs have antibodies which react to one of four proteins in the egg white:[5] ovomucoid, ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, and lysozyme; ovomucoid, also called Gal d 1, is the most common target of immune system attack.[5] The egg yolk contains several potential antigens: livetin, apovitillin, and phosvitin.
A person who reacts only to a protein in the egg yolk may be able to easily tolerate egg whites, and vice versa. Some people will be allergic to proteins in both the egg white and the egg yolk. Egg yolk allergies may be somewhat more common in adults.[5] A small number of people who are allergic to eggs will develop an allergy to chicken or other poultry meats.[5]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is generally made through a combination of skin prick testing or blood testing and detailed records of all foods and drink the person regularly ingests.
Treatment
There is currently no cure for egg allergy. Most people who are allergic to eggs avoid eating any form of egg or egg component. For people with more serious allergic reactions to eggs, such as urticaria (hives), inflammation, and/or anaphylaxis, doctors suggest carrying an EpiPen for use in emergency. Certain food companies also produce egg substitutes, artificial brands of egg mix or batter, which have the same cooking properties of natural eggs but are free of allergens, allowing safe consumption by those whom are allergic.
Prognosis
In a study presented at the 2007 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) meeting, 50% of patients outgrew egg allergy by age 17. Of those patients who outgrew it, 45% did so by age 5. Children who outgrew the allergy tended to have peak IgE levels at around age one, which then decline.[6]
Vaccine hazard
The flu vaccine is typically made using chicken embryo, and as a result the final vaccine does contain egg proteins. Egg-allergic individuals may react to egg protein(s) in the vaccine (or to gelatin or neomycin if they are allergic to that). If an individual is unable to take the vaccine, vaccinating all other members of their family can help protect them from the flu (see Herd immunity).
Different brands and even individual batches of flu vaccine do vary in their egg protein content. Allergists formerly used skin testing with flu vaccine to predict if receiving the flu shot might be safe, but the results of this type of testing are totally unpredictive and this type of testing should be abandoned. Instead, the age-appropriate immunization material containing the lowest amount of egg proteins should be chosen, then a 1/10 dose should be given followed by a 30-minute observation period in a medical setting fully equipped to treat any possible reaction. Ovalbumin is usually used as a marker for the egg proteins. Vaccines available as recently as 2010 in the US contained up to 21 µg of ovalbumin per 0.5 mL dose. In 2011 the ovalbumin content varies from less than 5.0 µg/dose down to less than 0.05 µg/dose, depending on the brand. One study done on 83 egg allergic patients resulted in a lack of serious reactions at doses of ovalbumin ranging from 0.10 µg to 0.60 µg. Thus so some brands available in the US in 2011 are probably safe for most egg allergic patients (administered with caution), but others may not be. For reference modern MMR vaccine (which is generally accepted now to be well tolerated by egg allergic patients, but which is still given with caution) was shown in a 2009 study reported in the BMJ to contain 0.0005 to 0.0010 µg/dose (0.5 to 1.0 ng/dose).[7][full citation needed]
Egg proteins can also be found in yellow fever vaccine and MMR vaccine.[8] The quantity of egg protein in a dose of MMR vaccine is approximately 40 picograms (much lower than in influenza vaccine, which contains approximately 0.02-1.0 micrograms), and this is believed to be associated with a much lower risk.[9]
Cooking without eggs
In cooking, eggs are multifunctional: they may act as an emulsifier to reduce oil/water separation (mayonnaise), a binder (water binding and particle adhesion, as in meatloaf), or an aerator (cakes, especially angel food). Some commercial egg replacers can substitute for particular functions (potato starch and tapioca for water binding, whey protein for aeration or particle binding, or soy lecithin for emulsification). For home use, one-half cup of applesauce can replace one egg in some baking recipes.[citation needed]
Most people find it necessary to strictly avoid any item containing eggs, including:[10]
- Albumin
- Apovitellin
- Cholesterol-free egg substitute (e.g. Eggbeaters)
- Dried egg solids, dried egg
- Egg, egg white, egg yolk
- Egg wash
- Eggnog
- Fat substitutes (some)
- Globulin
- Livetin
- Lysozyme
- Mayonnaise
- Meringue or meringue powder
- Ovalbumin
- Ovoglobulin
- Ovomucin
- Ovomucoid
- Ovotransferrin
- Ovovitelia
- Ovovitellin
- Powdered eggs
- Silici albuminate
- Simplesse
- Trailblazer
- Vitellin
- Whole egg
Ingredients that sometimes include egg are:
- Artificial flavoring
- Lecithin
- Natural flavoring
- Nougat
Egg white intolerance
Egg whites, which are potent histamine liberators, also provoke a nonallergic response in some people. In this situation, proteins in egg white directly trigger the release of histamine from mast cells on contact.[11][12] Because this mechanism is classified as a pharmacological reaction, or "pseudoallergy",[11] the condition is considered a food intolerance instead of a true IgE-based allergic reaction.
The response is usually localized, typically in the gastrointestinal tract.[11] Symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, or any symptoms of histamine release. If sufficiently strong, it can result in an anaphylactoid reaction, which is clinically indistinguishable from true anaphylaxis.[12]
Some people with this condition tolerate small quantities of egg whites.[13] They are more often able to tolerate well-cooked eggs, such as found in cake or dried egg-based pasta, than loosely cooked eggs, such as fried eggs or meringues, or uncooked eggs.[13]
Notable people allergic to eggs
Famous people allergic to eggs include:
- Elizabeth Bird, wife of Alfred Bird, who invented the famous egg-free Bird's Custard, the original version of what is known generically as custard powder today.[citation needed]
- NFL player Drew Brees [14]
- Zooey Deschanel [15]
- Seal [16]
- Jason Mantzoukas [17]
- Former Serbian Prime Minister and war criminal Nikola Šainović [18]
See also
- Allergy
- List of allergies
- Asthma
- Dairy product
- Lysozyme
References
- ^ National Institutes of Health, NIAID Allergy Statistics 2005 http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/allergystat.htm
- ^ "Egg Allergy". Food Allergy Initiative. 2008. Retrieved 12-11-2008.
- ^ National Report of the Expert Panel on Food Allergy Research, NIH-NIAID 2003 http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/about/organization/dait/PDF/june30_2003.pdf
- ^ “Egg Allergy Facts” Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America
- ^ a b c d Thomas Platts-Mills; Ring, Johannes (2005). Allergy in Practice. Berlin: Springer. p. 106. ISBN 3-540-00219-7.
- ^ The Natural History of Egg Allergy by J. H. Rabe, E. C. Matsui, K. E. Mudd, J. M. Skripak, R. A. Wood; http://www.abstractsonline.com/viewer/viewAbstract.asp?CKey={DD35189B-AC3C-4320-AAD4-6A60AB84247B}&MKey={ADB9F23F-599E-4E3C-8BFE-532DF96F148F}&AKey={3B788255-C10D-411E-A96E-F2E03408D278}&SKey={2DF953E8-793B-4112-8FE0-58A9F4495EC0}
- ^ June 2011 UPTODATE.com monograph on "influenza vaccine and egg allergy" and the NIH Expert Panel Report on Food Allergy, December 2010
- ^ Romero GL, Kumar S (December 2006). "Case 1: The case of the cookie, the rash and the flu vaccine". Paediatr Child Health 11 (10): 675–7. PMC 2528595. PMID 19030254.
- ^ "Egg Allergies : Vaccine Education Center - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia".
- ^ "Egg Avoidance List".
- ^ a b c Arnaldo Cantani (2008). Pediatric Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Berlin: Springer. pp. 710–713. ISBN 3-540-20768-6.
- ^ a b Joris, Isabelle; Majno, Guido (2004). Cells, tissues, and disease: principles of general pathology. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 538. ISBN 0-19-514090-7.
- ^ a b Carina Venter; Isabel Skypala (2009). Food Hypersensitivity: Diagnosing and Managing Food Allergies and Intolerance. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 129–131. ISBN 1-4051-7036-0.
- ^ "NFL Workout: Strapped In A system designed by a Navy SEAL got the Saints' Drew Brees in shape to succeed". CNN. 2007-01-09. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ Zooey Deschanel: The lovely, Chipmunk-imitating actor has some odd dietary issues.
- ^ "Seal reveals major cause of break-up with Heidi Klum was diet".
- ^ "Jimmy Kimmel Live! 5/30". ABC. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
- ^ "War Crimes Investigator Confirms "Milosevic's right-hand man" has allergies to chicken egg-white ovomucin".
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Allergic conditions
|
|
| Respiratory system |
- Allergic rhinitis
- Asthma
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
- Eosinophilic pneumonia
- Churg–Strauss syndrome
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Farmer's lung
- Laboratory animal allergy
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|
| Skin |
- Angioedema
- Urticaria
- Atopic dermatitis
- Allergic contact dermatitis
- Hypersensitivity vasculitis
|
|
| Blood and immune system |
|
|
| Circulatory system |
|
|
| Digestive system |
- Coeliac disease
- Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
- Eosinophilic esophagitis
- Food allergy
- Milk intolerance
|
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| Nervous system |
|
|
| Genitourinary system |
- Acute interstitial nephritis
|
|
| Other conditions |
- Drug allergy
- Allergic conjunctivitis
- Latex allergy
|
|
|
Index of the immune system
|
|
| Description |
- Physiology
- cells
- autoantigens
- autoantibodies
- complement
- surface antigens
- IG receptors
|
|
| Disease |
- Allergies
- Immunodeficiency
- Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
- Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders
- Neoplasms and cancer
|
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- antihistamines
- immunostimulants
- immunosuppressants
- monoclonal antibodies
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|
|
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Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases (279.5–6)
|
|
Type I/allergy/atopy
(IgE) |
| Foreign |
- Atopic eczema
- Allergic urticaria
- Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever)
- Allergic asthma
- Anaphylaxis
- Food allergy
- Milk
- Egg
- Peanut
- Tree nut
- Seafood
- Soy
- Wheat
- Penicillin allergy
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| Autoimmune |
|
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Type II/ADCC
|
| Foreign |
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn
|
|
| Autoimmune |
| Cytotoxic |
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Bullous pemphigoid
- Pemphigus vulgaris
- Rheumatic fever
- Goodpasture's syndrome
- Guillain–Barré syndrome
|
|
| "Type V"/receptor |
- Graves' disease
- Myasthenia gravis
- Pernicious anemia
|
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|
|
Type III
(Immune complex) |
| Foreign |
- Henoch–Schönlein purpura
- Hypersensitivity vasculitis
- Reactive arthritis
- Farmer's lung
- Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- Serum sickness
- Arthus reaction
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| Autoimmune |
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
Type IV/cell-mediated
(T cells) |
| Foreign |
- Allergic contact dermatitis
- Mantoux test
|
|
| Autoimmune |
- Diabetes mellitus type 1
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- Multiple sclerosis
- Coeliac disease
- Giant-cell arteritis
- Postorgasmic illness syndrome
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| GVHD |
- Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
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|
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Unknown/
multiple |
| Foreign |
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Transplant rejection
- Latex allergy (I+IV)
|
|
| Autoimmune |
- Sjögren's syndrome
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
- Autoimmune adrenalitis
- Systemic autoimmune disease
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|
|
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Index of the immune system
|
|
| Description |
- Physiology
- cells
- autoantigens
- autoantibodies
- complement
- surface antigens
- IG receptors
|
|
| Disease |
- Allergies
- Immunodeficiency
- Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
- Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders
- Neoplasms and cancer
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- antihistamines
- immunostimulants
- immunosuppressants
- monoclonal antibodies
|
|
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