学問分野、規律

WordNet

develop (childrens) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control; "Parents must discipline their children"; "Is this dog trained?" (同)train, check, condition
the act of punishing; "the offenders deserved the harsh discipline they received" (同)correction
the trait of being well behaved; "he insisted on discipline among the troops"
training to improve strength or self-control
a branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings" (同)subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study, study, bailiwick
a system of rules of conduct or method of practice; "he quickly learned the discipline of prison routine"; "for such a plan to work requires discipline";
punish in order to gain control or enforce obedience; "The teacher disciplined the pupils rather frequently" (同)correct, sort out
not subjected to discipline; "undisciplined talent"
lacking in discipline or control; "undisciplined behavior"; "ungoverned youth" (同)ungoverned
the trait of lacking discipline (同)undiscipline
the trait of practicing self discipline (同)self-denial
used of nonindulgent persons (同)self-restraining
trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise; "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles"; "a disciplined mind"
obeying the rules

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(組織的な)『訓練』,鍛錬,修養,しつけ(training) / 〈U〉(訓練による)規律正しさ,統制,自制;(組織・グループなどの)規律,風紀 / 〈U〉訓戒,懲罰,懲戒(punishment) / 〈C〉訓練方法,学習方法 / 〈C〉学科,学問[分野] / …‘を'訓練する,しつける / …‘を'罰する,懲らしめる(punish)
訓練を受けてない;期律を守らない
訓練不足(欠如),不規律
自己鍛練(修養) = self-discipline

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/06/01 17:48:32」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Discipline (disambiguation).

To think good thoughts requires effort. This is one of the things that disciprine – training – is about.

In its original sense, discipline is systematic instruction given to disciples to train them as students in a craft or trade,or any other activity which they are supposed to perform, or to follow a particular code of conduct or "order". Often, the phrase "to discipline" carries a negative connotation. This is because enforcement of order – that is, ensuring instructions are carried out – is often regulated through punishment. Discipline is also believed to be one of the main pillars of modern life, according to many different religious beliefs.

Methods of discipline

Military discipline

Military discipline refers to the regulation of the behaviors of members of any military, involving rules that govern goal orientation and behavior inside and outside the institution, including the socialization processes that happen in military training^[1] Rules of discipline are firmer or laxer depending on the prevalent culture of the military's country or institution.^[2] As early as the time of the Roman Army, discipline was enforced through military justice, but broader compilations of laws such as the Codex Theodosianus contained provisions dealing with military discipline.^[3]

Church discipline

Main article: Church discipline

Church discipline is a response of an ecclesiastical body to some perceived wrong, whether in action or in doctrine. Its most extreme form in modern churches is excommunication. Discipline is the assertion of willpower over more base desires, and is usually understood to be synonymous with self control. Self-discipline is to some extent a substitute for motivation, when one uses reason to determine the best course of action that opposes one's desires. Virtuous behavior is when one's motivations are aligned with one's reasoned aims: to do what one knows is best and to do it gladly. Continent behavior, on the other hand, is when one does what one knows is best, but must do it by opposing one's motivations.^[4] Moving from continent to virtuous behavior requires training and some self-discipline.

Child Discipline

Main article: Child discipline

Child discipline is used in varying circumstances. This is often done with punishment, either physical or involving loss of property or privileges. It is a vital factor in shaping one’s personality. It is inculcated in the pupils not as an imposition but as a normal growth under the process of training in self discipline and self help through every activity.

Self-discipline

Self-discipline can be defined as the ability to motivate oneself in spite of a negative emotional state. Qualities associated with self-discipline include willpower, hard work, and persistence.

Self-discipline is the product of persisted willpower. Whereas willpower is the strength and ability to carryout a certain task, self-discipline is the ability to use it routinely and even automatically (as if through reflex). An analogy for the relationship between the two might be defined as follows: Where willpower is the muscle, self-discipline is the structured thought that controls that muscle. In most places it is believed self discipline is the ultimate path to success.

References

Look up discipline in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Discipline

^ Caforio, Giuseppe (2003). Handbook of the sociology of the military. Springer. pp. 262–63. ISBN 978-0-306-47295-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=9qJ7dBicsiIC&pg=PA262.
^ Caforio p. 243.
^ Southern, Pat (2007). The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Oxford UP. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-19-532878-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=b3UHGXny-NwC&pg=PT159.
^ Fowers, Blaine J. (2008). From Continence to Virtue: Recovering Goodness, Character Unity, and Character Types for Positive Psychology. 18,. pp. 629–653.

UpToDate Contents

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1. ギフテッド（英才児）：教育的介入とプライマリケアのマネージメント the gifted child educational interventions and primary care management
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5. 小児および思春期における注意欠陥多動性障害：臨床的特徴および評価 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents clinical features and evaluation

English Journal

Impact of plaques in the left coronary artery on wall shear stress and pressure gradient in coronary side branches.

Chaichana T, Sun Z, Jewkes J.Author information a Discipline of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging and Applied Physics , Curtin University , Perth WA 6845 , Australia.AbstractIn this study, we investigate plaques located at the left coronary bifurcation. We focus on the effect that the resulting changes in wall shear stress (WSS) and wall pressure stress gradient (WPSG) have on atherosclerotic progress in coronary artery disease. Coronary plaques were simulated and placed at the left main stem and the left anterior descending to produce >50% narrowing of the coronary lumen. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was carried out, simulating realistic physiological conditions that show the in vivo cardiac haemodynamic. WSS and WPSG in the left coronary artery were calculated and compared in the left coronary models, with and without the presence of plaques during cardiac cycles. Our results showed that WSS decreased while WPSG was increased in coronary side branches due to the presence of plaques. There is a direct correlation between coronary plaques and subsequent WSS and WPSG variations based on the bifurcation plaques simulated in the realistic coronary models.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2014 Feb;17(2):108-18. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2012.671308. Epub 2012 Mar 26.
In this study, we investigate plaques located at the left coronary bifurcation. We focus on the effect that the resulting changes in wall shear stress (WSS) and wall pressure stress gradient (WPSG) have on atherosclerotic progress in coronary artery disease. Coronary plaques were simulated and place
PMID 22443493

Past 140-year environmental record in the northern South China Sea: Evidence from coral skeletal trace metal variations.

Song Y1, Yu K2, Zhao J3, Feng Y3, Shi Q4, Zhang H4, Ayoko GA5, Frost RL5.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingang West Road 164, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong Province, PR China; Radiogenic Isotope Facility, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Discipline of Nanotechnology and Molecular Sciences, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. Electronic address: songyinxian@gmail.com.2Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingang West Road 164, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong Province, PR China; Radiogenic Isotope Facility, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.3Radiogenic Isotope Facility, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.4Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingang West Road 164, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong Province, PR China.5Discipline of Nanotechnology and Molecular Sciences, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.AbstractAbout 140-year changes in the trace metals in Porites coral samples from two locations in the northern South China Sea were investigated. Results of PCA analyses suggest that near the coast, terrestrial input impacted behavior of trace metals by 28.4%, impact of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) was 19.0%, contribution of war and infrastructure were 14.4% and 15.6% respectively. But for a location in the open sea, contribution of War and SST reached 33.2% and 16.5%, while activities of infrastructure and guano exploration reached 13.2% and 14.7%. While the spatiotemporal change model of Cu, Cd and Pb in seawater of the north area of South China Sea during 1986-1997 were reconstructed. It was found that in the sea area Cu and Cd contaminations were distributed near the coast while areas around Sanya, Hainan had high Pb levels because of the well-developed tourism related activities.
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987).Environ Pollut.2014 Feb;185:97-106. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.024. Epub 2013 Nov 14.
About 140-year changes in the trace metals in Porites coral samples from two locations in the northern South China Sea were investigated. Results of PCA analyses suggest that near the coast, terrestrial input impacted behavior of trace metals by 28.4%, impact of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) was 19.
PMID 24239673

Cellular responses to Rhipicephalus microplus infestations in pre-sensitised cattle with differing phenotypes of infestation.

Marufu MC, Dzama K, Chimonyo M.Author information Discipline of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa.AbstractThe blue tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, threatens cattle production in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Delayed skin hypersensitivity reactions are thought to cause Nguni cattle to be more resistant to R. microplus than Bonsmara cattle yet the cellular mechanisms responsible for these differences have not been classified. Tick counts and inflammatory cell infiltrates in skin biopsies from feeding sites of adult R. microplus ticks were determined in 9-month-old Nguni and Bonsmara heifers to determine the cellular mechanisms responsible for tick immunity. Nguni heifers (1.7 ± 0.03) had lower (P < 0.05) tick counts than the Bonsmaras (2.0 ± 0.03). Parasitized sites in Nguni heifers had higher counts of basophils, mast and mononuclear cells than those in the Bonsmara heifers. Conversely, parasitized sites in Nguni heifers had lower neutrophil and eosinophil counts than those in the Bonsmara heifers. Tick count was negatively correlated with basophil and mast cell counts and positively correlated with eosinophil counts in both breeds. In the Bonsmara breed, tick count was positively correlated with mononuclear cell counts. Cellular responses to adult R. microplus infestations were different and correlated with differences in tick resistance in Nguni and Bonsmara cattle breeds. It is essential to further characterise the molecular composition of the inflammatory infiltrate elicited by adult R. microplus infestation to fully comprehend immunity to ticks in cattle.
Experimental & applied acarology.Exp Appl Acarol.2014 Feb;62(2):241-52. doi: 10.1007/s10493-013-9723-5. Epub 2013 Sep 22.
The blue tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, threatens cattle production in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Delayed skin hypersensitivity reactions are thought to cause Nguni cattle to be more resistant to R. microplus than Bonsmara cattle yet the cellular mechanisms responsible for the
PMID 24057115

Percutaneous release of trigger fingers.

Sato ES, Dos Santos JB, Belloti JC, Albertoni WM, Faloppa F.Author information Discipline of Hand and Upper Limb Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, UNIFESP - Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa 786, São Paulo City, Cep: 04038-031 São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: edsonsasahara@ig.com.br.AbstractMinimally invasive approaches to hand problems include the percutaneous treatment of symptomatic trigger fingers. A percutaneous approach allows for an office-based procedure requiring minimal rehabilitation. In a prior study, the authors compared the effectiveness of percutaneous pulley release with corticosteroid and conventional open surgery for treating trigger finger. The percutaneous and open methods displayed similar effectiveness, and both procedures were superior to corticosteroid injection for both cure and relapse rates of trigger finger. The percutaneous method is a safe, minimally invasive alternative for the treatment of trigger fingers.
Hand clinics.Hand Clin.2014 Feb;30(1):39-45. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2013.08.017. Epub 2013 Nov 9.
Minimally invasive approaches to hand problems include the percutaneous treatment of symptomatic trigger fingers. A percutaneous approach allows for an office-based procedure requiring minimal rehabilitation. In a prior study, the authors compared the effectiveness of percutaneous pulley release wit
PMID 24286741