WordNet

loss of bits of outer skin by peeling or shedding or coming off in scales (同)peeling, shedding
separate (a small unit) from a larger, especially for a special assignment; "detach a regiment"
come to be detached; "His retina detached and he had to be rushed into surgery" (同)come_off, come_away
cause to become detached or separated; take off; "detach the skin from the chicken before you eat it"
the act of releasing from an attachment or connection (同)disengagement
a small unit of troops of special composition
spread by opening the leaves of
grow by producing or unfolding leaves; "plants exfoliate"
cast off in scales, laminae, or splinters
come off in a very thin piece
remove the surface, in scales or laminae

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…から)…‘を'引き離す,分離する,取り外す《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (特別任務に)〈部隊・軍艦など〉‘を'派遣する,分遣する
〈U〉(…から…を)分離すること,取り外すこと《+『of』+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈U〉超然としていること / 〈U〉私心(偏見)のないこと / 〈C〉(特別の任務を帯びた)分遣隊,特派部隊

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/10 12:52:34」(JST)

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Desquamation (from Latin desquamare, meaning "to scrape the scales off a fish"), also called skin peeling, is the shedding of the outermost membrane or layer of a tissue, such as the skin.

Skin

Desquamation of skin on hands caused by scarlet fever infection

Desquamation of skin on finger-tips caused by scarlet fever

Normal, nonpathologic desquamation of the skin occurs when keratinocytes, after moving typically over about 14 days, are individually shed unnoticeably.^[1] In pathologic desquamation, such as that seen in X-linked ichthyosis, the stratum corneum becomes thicker (hyperkeratosis), imparting a "dry" or scaly appearance to the skin, and instead of detaching as single cells, corneocytes are shed in clusters, forming visible scales.^[1] Desquamation of the epidermis may result from disease or injury of the skin. For example, once the rash of measles fades, there is desquamation. Skin peeling typically follows healing of a first degree burn or sunburn. Toxic shock syndrome, a potentially fatal immune system reaction to a bacterial infection, causes severe desquamation; so can mercury poisoning. A bacteria example is the Staphylococcus aureus^[2] Other serious skin diseases involving extreme desquamation include Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).^[3] Radiation can cause dry or moist desquamation.^[4]

Eyes

Eye tissues including the conjunctiva and cornea may undergo pathological desquamation in diseases such as dry eye syndrome.^[5] The anatomy of the human eye makes desquamation of the lens impossible.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b Jackson, Simon M.; Williams, Mary L.; Feingold, Kenneth R.; Elias, Peter M. (1993). "Pathobiology of the Stratum Corneum". The Western Journal of Medicine 158 (3): 279–85. PMC 1311754. PMID 8460510.
^ Dinges, MM; Orwin, PM, Schlievert, PM (January 2000). "Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus.". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13 (1): 16–34, table of contents. doi:10.1128/cmr.13.1.16-34.2000. PMC 88931. PMID 10627489.
^ Parillo, Steven J; Parillo, Catherine V. (2010-05-25). "Stevens-Johnson Syndrome". eMedicine. Medcape. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005-06-30). "Cutaneous Radiation Injury". CDC. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
^ Gilbard, Jeffrey P. (November 1, 2003). "Dry Eye: Natural History, Diagnosis and Treatment". Wolters Kluwer Pharma Solutions. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
^ Lynnerup, Niels; Kjeldsen, Henrik; Heegaard, Steffen; Jacobsen, Christina; Heinemeier, Jan (2008). Gazit, Ehud, ed. "Radiocarbon Dating of the Human Eye Lens Crystallines Reveal Proteins without Carbon Turnover throughout Life". PLoS ONE 3 (1): e1529. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001529. PMC 2211393. PMID 18231610.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 皮膚剥脱症候群 peeling skin syndrome
2. 小児におけるA群レンサ球菌（化膿連鎖球菌）性菌血症 group a streptococcal streptococcus pyogenes bacteremia in children
3. スティーブンス・ジョンソン症候群および中毒性表皮壊死融解症：病因、臨床症状、および診断 stevens johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis pathogenesis clinical manifestations and diagnosis
4. 急性掌蹠湿疹（異汗性湿疹） acute palmoplantar eczema dyshidrotic eczema
5. 川崎病：臨床的特徴および診断 kawasaki disease clinical features and diagnosis

English Journal

Differential toxicity and uptake of Diazinon on embryo-larval development of Rhinella arenarum.

Aronzon CM1, Marino DJ2, Ronco AE2, Pérez Coll CS3.Author information 1Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, C.P. 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.2Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, C.P. 1900 La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.3Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, C.P. 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: perezcoll@unsam.edu.ar.AbstractDiazinon, an anti-cholinesterase organophosphate, is an extensively used pesticide. The main objective of this work was to assess the lethal and sublethal effects of Diazinon and its comparison with the uptake by embryos and larvae of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum by means of standardized bioassays during acute (96h), short-term chronic (168h) and chronic (504h) exposures. Toxicity resulted time- and stage-dependent, thus the lethal concentration 50 for 96h, 168h and 504h were 27.2; 20.1 and 6.8mgDiazinonL(-1) for embryos and 8, 6.7 and 1.9mgDiazinonL(-1) for larvae. It is noteworthy the remarkable differences found in the concentration which caused lethality with those causing adverse effects on development such as malformations (teratogenic effects). Therefore, the teratogenic index from 144h was greater than two; the main adverse effects were axial flexures, irregular borders, wavy tail, microcephaly, malformed mouth and adhesive structures, gut miscoiling, underdeveloped gills, cloacal edema, desquamation and severe hydropsy. Moreover, the characteristic sublethal effect of Diazinon on larvae was abnormal behavior related to neurotoxicity with a NOEC-168h of 4.5mgDiazinonL(-1). Diazinon contents in R. arenarum were time-dependent and significantly related to exposure concentration for both embryos and larvae. Diazinon contents were also stage-dependent, as it was up to 27times higher for organisms exposed from blastula stage onwards than early larvae. These facts and the Hazard Quotients, a numerical expression of ecological risk, of 2.73, which is above USEPA's Level of Concern, showed the threat that Diazinon represents for R. arenarum populations.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Apr;100:50-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.078. Epub 2014 Jan 31.
Diazinon, an anti-cholinesterase organophosphate, is an extensively used pesticide. The main objective of this work was to assess the lethal and sublethal effects of Diazinon and its comparison with the uptake by embryos and larvae of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum by means of stan
PMID 24485812

Analysis of simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy (SMART) for nasopharyngeal carcinomas.

Tang JM1, Ma XM, Hou YL, Dai LY, Cao HB, Ye M, Bai YR.Author information 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical outcomes of simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy (SMART) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A total of 97 patients who underwent SMART for NPC between August 2005 and November 2011 were evaluated. The prescribed dose was 69.9 Gy/30 fractions at 2.33 Gy/fraction to the primary gross tumor volume (PGTV) including the nasopharynx gross target volume and the positive neck lymph nodes, and 60 Gy/30 fraction at 2.0 Gy/fraction to the PCTV1; 54 Gy/30 fractions at 1.8 Gy/fraction was given to the PCTV2. Among 59 patients with local advanced disease, 31 patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (chemo-RT) with a regimen consisting of 135 mg/m2 paclitaxel on Day 1 and 25 mg/m2 cisplatin on Days 1-3. The median follow-up period was 42 months. The local control rate (LCR), distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 93.3%, 90.3% and 91.6% at 3 years, and 87.6%, 87.9% and 85.7% at 5 years, respectively. There was no significant difference in outcome with respect to these three indicators for Stage III and IV disease treated with/without concurrent chemoradiotherapy (P > 0.05). Acute toxicities included Grade 3 mucositis, skin desquamation, and leucopenia, which occurred in 78 (80.4%), 8 (8.2%), and 45 (46.4%) patients, respectively. No patient had a Grade 3-4 late toxicity. SMART was associated with a favorable outcome for NPC with acceptable toxicity. The local-regional control was excellent but distant metastasis remains the main risk. The combination of SMART and chemotherapy needs to be optimized through further studies to enhance outcomes for locally advanced diseases.
Journal of radiation research.J Radiat Res.2014 Mar 9. [Epub ahead of print]
The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical outcomes of simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy (SMART) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A total of 97 patients who underwent SMART for NPC between August 2005 and November 2011 were evaluated. The prescribed dose was
PMID 24614820

Smell sparing unilateral intracranial dermoid resection.

Grayson JW, Chaaban MR, Riley KO, Woodworth BA.AbstractIntracranial dermoid cysts are congenital ectodermal inclusion cysts that have a propensity to occur in the midline sellar, parasellar, or frontonasal regions. These cysts enlarge by means of glandular secretion and epithelial desquamation. Surgical resection has traditionally included a craniotomy, but endoscopic approaches are now used with increasing regularity. A binostril approach is normally used to access dermoid cysts due to the midline nature of the lesions. In this case report, we describe the successful surgical resection of a dermoid with 1.5-cm of intracranial extension using a unilateral endonasal endoscopic approach with no complications and with no postoperative anosmia. Although the unilateral endoscopic technique is not plausible for all epidermoid or dermoid cysts of the anterior cranial fossa, it should be considered a viable alternative technique when faced with a dermoid limited to one side of the falx cerebri.
Allergy & rhinology (Providence, R.I.).Allergy Rhinol (Providence).2014 Mar 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Intracranial dermoid cysts are congenital ectodermal inclusion cysts that have a propensity to occur in the midline sellar, parasellar, or frontonasal regions. These cysts enlarge by means of glandular secretion and epithelial desquamation. Surgical resection has traditionally included a craniotomy,
PMID 24612984

Japanese Journal

Far East Scarlet-like Fever Masquerading as Adult-onset Kawasaki Disease

Internal Medicine, 2018
NAID 130006192070

Preventive effect of dietary astaxanthin on UVA-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice

PLOS ONE 12(2), 2017-02-07
NAID 120005980864

フムスエキスの毛穴目立ち改善アプローチ (特集毛穴ケアの動向と素材開発 : 映る微笑み、映らざる黒ずみ)

Fragrance journal : Research & development for cosmetics, toiletries & allied industries = フレグランスジャーナル : 香粧品科学研究開発専門誌 45(2), 28-31, 2017-02
NAID 40021105111