WordNet

that which is inherited; a title or property or estate that passes by law to the heir on the death of the owner (同)heritage
(genetics) attributes acquired via biological heredity from the parents (同)hereditary pattern
any attribute or immaterial possession that is inherited from ancestors; "my only inheritance was my mothers blessing"; "the worlds heritage of knowledge" (同)heritage
hereditary succession to a title or an office or property (同)heritage
of or relating to cytoplasm (同)cytoplasmatic
the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism (同)cytol

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〈U〉『相続』,継承 / 〈C〉『遺産』,相続財産 / 〈C〉(両親・前任者・前代などから)受け継いだもの
細胞質の
細胞質

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/19 21:49:13」(JST)

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Extranuclear inheritance or cytoplasmic inheritance is the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. It is found in most eukaryotes and is commonly known to occur in cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts or from cellular parasites like viruses or bacteria.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Organelles

Mitochondria are organelles which function to transform energy as a result of cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are organelles which function to produce sugars via photosynthesis in plants and algae. The genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts are very important for proper cellular function, yet the genomes replicate independently of the DNA located in the nucleus, which is typically arranged in chromosomes that only replicate one time preceding cellular division. The extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts however replicate independently of cell division. They replicate in response to a cell's increasing energy needs which adjust during that cell's lifespan. Since they replicate independently, genomic recombination of these genomes is rarely found in offspring contrary to nuclear genomes, in which recombination is common. Mitochondrial disease are received from the mother, fathers don't as sperm do not contribute (but a sperm contains a mitochondrion for its energy production).

Parasites

Extranuclear transmission of viral genomes and symbiotic bacteria is also possible. An example of viral genome transmission is perinatal transmission. This occurs from mother to fetus during the perinatal period, which begins before birth and ends about 1 month after birth. During this time viral material may be passed from mother to child in the bloodstream or breastmilk. This is of particular concern with mothers carrying HIV or Hepatitis C viruses.^[2]^[3] Examples of cytoplasmic [symbiotic] bacteria have also been found to be inherited in organisms such as insects and protists.^[4]

Types

Three general types of extranuclear inheritance exist.

Vegetative segregation results from random replication and partitioning of cytoplasmic organelles. It occurs with chloroplasts and mitochondria during mitotic cell divisions and results in daughter cells that contain a random sample of the parent cell's organelles. An example of vegetative segregation is with mitochondria of asexually replicating yeast cells.^[5]
Uniparental inheritance occurs in extranuclear genes when only one parent contributes organellar DNA to the offspring. A classic example of uniparental gene transmission is the maternal inheritance of human mitochondria. The mother's mitochondria are transmitted to the offspring at fertilization via the egg. The father's mitochondrial genes are not transmitted to the offspring via the sperm. Very rare cases which require further investigation have been reported of paternal mitochondrial inheritance in humans, in which the father's mitochondrial genome is found in offspring.^[6] Chloroplast genes can also inherit uniparentally during sexual reproduction. They are historically thought to inherit maternally, but paternal inheritance in many species is increasingly being identified. The mechanisms of uniparental inheritance from species to species differ greatly and are quite complicated. For instance, chloroplasts have been found to exhibit maternal, paternal and biparental modes even within the same species.^[7]^[8]
Biparental inheritance occurs in extranuclear genes when both parents contribute organellar DNA to the offspring. It may be less common than uniparental extranuclear inheritance, and usually occurs in a permissible species only a fraction of the time. An example of biparental mitochondrial inheritance is in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When two haploid cells of opposite mating type fuse they can both contribute mitochondria to the resulting diploid offspring.^[1]^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b C. W. Birky, Jr. (1994). "Relaxed and stringent genomes: why cytoplasmic genes don't obey Mendel's laws". Journal of Heredity. 85 (5): 355–366.
^ ^a ^b Sangeeta Jain; Nima Goharkhay; George Saade; Gary D. Hankins; Garland D. Anderson (2007). "Hepatitis C in pregnancy". American Journal of Perinatology. 24 (4): 251–256. doi:10.1055/s-2007-970181.
^ ^a ^b Patrick Duff (1996). "HIV infection in women". Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS. 3 (2): 45–49. doi:10.1016/S1068-607X(95)00062-N.
^ Jan Sapp (2004). "The dynamics of symbiosis: an historical overview". Canadian Journal of Botany. 82 (8): 1046–1056. doi:10.1139/b04-055.
^ ^a ^b C. William Birky, Jr.; Robert L. Strausberg; Jean L. Forster; Philip S. Perlman (1978). "Vegetative segregation of mitochondria in yeast: estimating parameters using a random model". Molecular and General Genetics. 158 (3): 251–261. doi:10.1007/BF00267196.
^ Marianne Schwartz; John Vissing (2003). "New patterns of inheritance in mitochondrial disease". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 310 (2): 247–251. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.037.
^ C. W. Birky, Jr. (1995). "Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes: mechanisms and evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 92 (25): 11331–11338. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.25.11331. PMC 40394. PMID 8524780.
^ A. Katie Hansen; Linda K. Escobar; Lawrence E. Gilbert; Robert K. Jansen (2007). "Paternal, maternal, and biparental inheritance of the chloroplast genome in Passiflora (Passifloraceae): implications for phylogenic studies". Botany. 94 (1): 42–46. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.1.42. PMID 21642206.

External links

http://www.tamu.edu/classes/magill/gene603/Lecture%20outlines/cytoplasmic%20inh/CYTOPLASMIC_INHERITANCE.html

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English Journal

The expanding role of PARPs in the establishment and maintenance of heterochromatin.

Dantzer F, Santoro R.SourceUMR7242, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
The FEBS journal.FEBS J.2013 Aug;280(15):3508-18. doi: 10.1111/febs.12368. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are enzymes that transfer poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) groups to target proteins, and thereby affect various nuclear and cytoplasmic processes. The activity of PARP family members, such as PARP1 and PARP2, is tied to cellular signalling pathways, and, through poly(ADP-
PMID 23731385

Spindle pole body history intrinsically links pole identity with asymmetric fate in budding yeast.

Juanes MA, Twyman H, Tunnacliffe E, Guo Z, Ten Hoopen R, Segal M.SourceDepartment of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
Current biology : CB.Curr Biol.2013 Jul 22;23(14):1310-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.057. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
BACKGROUND: Budding yeast is a unique model for exploring differential fate in a cell dividing asymmetrically. In yeast, spindle orientation begins with the old spindle pole body (SPB) (from the preceding cell cycle) contacting the bud by its existing astral microtubules (aMTs) while the new pole de
PMID 23810537

Japanese Journal

Combining Ability Studies in Rice Hybrids Involving New CMS Lines in Bangladesh

HOSSAIN M. Amir,MIAN M. A. Khaleque,RASUL M. Golam,HASAN M. Jamil,KULSUM M. Umma,KARIM M. Abdul
熱帯農業 60(4), 242-250, 2016
… Five cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines namely IR58025A, BRRI1A, D. … Variance of sca was higher than that of gca for all the characters except number of panicles per m2, suggesting the significant role of non-additive gene action on the inheritance of this character. …
NAID 130006248366

Characterization of Synthetic Hexaploids Derived from Same Aegilops tauschii Accessions and Different Durum Cultivars

Gul Alvina,Rasheed Awais,Afzal Fakiha,Napar Abdul Aziz,Ali Ahmad,Jamil Muhammad,Khalid Maria,Bux Hadi,Mujeeb-Kazi Abdul
ＣＹＴＯＬＯＧＩＡ 80(4), 427-440, 2015
… accession male parent crossed with different durum cultivars as the female parent (78 entries) is designed to study the inheritance of different genes and also to identify the effect of cytoplasmic inheritance, if any. …
NAID 130005118547

Patterns of FOXE1 Expression in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma by Immunohistochemistry

Bychkov Andrey,Saenko Vladimir,Nakashima Masahiro,Mitsutake Norisato,Rogounovitch Tatiana,Nikitski Alyaksandr,Orim Florence,Yamashita Shunichi
Thyroid 23(7), 817-828, 2013-07-08
… Results: FOXE1 exhibited cytoplasmic overexpression in tumor tissue compared to the normal counterpart (p<0.001). … Multivariate regression analysis revealed that nuclear FOXE1 expression in neoplastic cells in the vicinity of the tumor border independently associated with the genotype at rs1867277 (the dominant model of inheritance, p=0.037) and tumor multifocality (p=0.032), and with marginal significance with capsular invasion (p=0.051). …
NAID 120005326904