細胞質の、細胞質内の、細胞質側の、原形質の

関: cytoplasm、cytoplasma、intracytoplasmic、protoplasm、protoplasmic

WordNet

of or relating to cytoplasm (同)cytoplasmatic
the substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus) (同)living substance
the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism (同)cytol

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細胞質の
原形質
細胞質

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/10 10:54:24」(JST)

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The cytoplasm comprises cytosol – the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane – and the organelles – the cell's internal sub-structures. All of the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms (such as bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus) are contained within the cytoplasm. Within the cells of eukaryote organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called the nucleoplasm. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually colorless.^[1]

It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular activities occur, such as many metabolic pathways including glycolysis, and processes such as cell division. The inner, granular mass is called the endoplasm and the outer, clear and glassy layer is called the cell cortex or the ectoplasm.

Movement of calcium ions in and out of the cytoplasm is thought to be a signaling activity for metabolic processes.^[2]

In plants, movements of the cytoplasm around vacuoles are known as cytoplasmic streaming.

Constituents[edit]

The cytoplasm has three major elements; the cytosol, organelles and inclusions.

Cytosol[edit]

Main article: Cytosol

The cytosol is the portion of the cytoplasm not contained within membrane-bound organelles. Cytosol makes up about 70% of the cell volume and is composed of water, salts and organic molecules.^[3]

The cytosol is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules, and water that fills much of the volume of a cell. The cytosol also contains the protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton, as well as soluble proteins and small structures such as ribosomes, proteasomes, and the mysterious vault complexes.^[4] The inner, granular and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is referred to as endoplasm.

Proteins in different cellular compartments and structures tagged with green fluorescent protein

Due to this network of fibres and high concentrations of dissolved macromolecules, such as proteins, an effect called macromolecular crowding occurs and the cytosol does not act as an ideal solution. This crowding effect alters how the components of the cytosol interact with each other.

Organelles[edit]

Main article: Organelles

Organelles (literally "little organs"), are usually membrane-bound, and are structures inside the cell that have specific functions. Some major organelles that are suspended in the cytosol are the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, and in plant cells chloroplasts.

Cytoplasmic inclusions[edit]

Main article: Cytoplasmic inclusion

The inclusions are small particles of insoluble substances suspended in the cytosol. A huge range of inclusions exist in different cell types, and range from crystals of calcium oxalate or silicon dioxide in plants,^[5]^[6] to granules of energy-storage materials such as starch,^[7] glycogen,^[8] or polyhydroxybutyrate.^[9] A particularly widespread example are lipid droplets, which are spherical droplets composed of lipids and proteins that are used in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a way of storing lipids such as fatty acids and sterols.^[10] Lipid droplets make up much of the volume of adipocytes, which are specialized lipid-storage cells, but they are also found in a range of other cell types.

Controversy and research[edit]

The cytoplasm, mitochondria and most organelles are contributions to the cell from the maternal gamete. There is considerably less research and understanding on cytoplasmic inheritance/maternal inheritance and mitochondrial DNA compared to the cell nucleus and genomic DNA. Historically, there has been neglect of researching whatever has been labeled female or feminine. The cytoplasm is one organelle that has been labeled feminine.^[11] The cytoplasm/nucleus being labeled as feminine/masculine follows the example of egg/sperm being gendered; both cytoplasm and egg are considered nonresistant to the efforts and pursuits of the active nucleus and sperm. The "passivity of the egg becomes the passivity of the cytoplasm."^[12] Contrary to the older information that disregards any notion of the cytoplasm being active, new research has shown it to be in control of movement and flow of nutrients in and out of the cell by "viscoplastic behavior and... a measure of the reciprocal rate of bond breakadge within the cytoplasmic network."^[13]

References[edit]

^ Franklin Institute (November 23, 2013). "Cytoplasm". fi.edu.
^ C. Michael Hogan. 2010. Calcium. eds. A.Jorgensen, C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment.
^ Cytoplasm Composition. menloschool.org
^ van Zon A, Mossink MH, Scheper RJ, Sonneveld P, Wiemer EA (September 2003). "The vault complex". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 (9): 1828–37. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3030-y. PMID 14523546.
^ Prychid, Christina J.; Rudall, Paula J. (1999). "Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Monocotyledons: A Review of their Structure and Systematics". Annals of Botany 84 (6): 725. doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.0975.
^ Prychid, C. J.; Rudall, P. J.; Gregory, M. (2004). "Systematics and Biology of Silica Bodies in Monocotyledons". The Botanical Review 69 (4): 377–440. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2004)069[0377:SABOSB]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4354467.
^ Ball SG, Morell MK (2003). "From bacterial glycogen to starch: understanding the biogenesis of the plant starch granule". Annu Rev Plant Biol 54: 207–33. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134927. PMID 14502990.
^ Shearer J, Graham TE (April 2002). "New perspectives on the storage and organization of muscle glycogen". Can J Appl Physiol 27 (2): 179–203. doi:10.1139/h02-012. PMID 12179957.
^ Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1 December 1990). "Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates". Microbiol. Rev. 54 (4): 450–72. PMC 372789. PMID 2087222.
^ Murphy DJ (September 2001). "The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals, growth and microorganisms". Prog. Lipid Res. 40 (5): 325–438. doi:10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00013-3. PMID 11470496.
^ Schiebinger, Londa (1999). Has feminism changed science?. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0674005449.
^ Hess, David J. (1995). Science and Technology in a Multicultural World. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 30. ISBN 023110197X.
^ Feneberg, Wolfgang; Sackmann, Erich, Westphal, Monika (21). "Dictyostelium cells' cytoplasm as an active viscoplastic body". European Biophysics Journal 30 (4): 284–94. doi:10.1007/s002490100135. PMID 11548131. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links[edit]

Luby-Phelps K (2000). "Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm: volume, viscosity, diffusion, intracellular surface area" (PDF). Int Rev Cytol. International Review of Cytology 192: 189–221. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60527-6. ISBN 9780123645968. PMID 10553280.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 抗好中球細胞質抗体の臨床的な意味 clinical spectrum of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
2. 自己免疫性肝炎の血清学的マーカー serologic markers of autoimmune hepatitis
3. 好酸球性肉芽腫性多発血管炎(チャーグ・ストラウス症候群）の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis churg strauss
4. 多発血管炎を伴う肉芽腫症（ウェゲナー）における気道病変 respiratory tract involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis wegeners
5. 再発性多発性軟骨炎の診断的評価 diagnostic evaluation of relapsing polychondritis

English Journal

Effect of ultrasound treatment on the water state in kiwifruit during osmotic dehydration.

Nowacka M, Tylewicz U, Laghi L, Dalla Rosa M, Witrowa-Rajchert D.SourceFaculty of Food Sciences, Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: malgorzata_nowacka@sggw.pl.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Feb 1;144:18-25. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.129. Epub 2013 Jun 5.
The present work investigates how ultrasound pretreatment modulates the effects of osmotic dehydration (OD) on the water state and microstructure of kiwifruit. Kiwifruit slices (10mm thick) were subjected to ultrasonic waves in a water bath at a frequency of 35kHz for 10, 20 and 30min. OD process wa
PMID 24099537

Measurement of the innate immune response in the airway.

Brasier AR, Zhao Y.SourceUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, 8.128 Medical Research Building, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA, arbrasie@utmb.edu.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2014;795:233-54. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8603-9_15.
Asthma is an idiopathic disease associated with episodic inflammation and reversible airway obstruction that is triggered by environmental agents. Allergic and infectious agents trigger asthmatic exacerbations through the innate immune response (IIR). The IIR is activated by sentinel cells in the ai
PMID 24162913

Human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 apoptosis induced by SFPS-B2 via a mitochondrial-mediated pathway.

Ji YB, Ji CF, Yue L.SourceEngineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China.
Bio-medical materials and engineering.Biomed Mater Eng.2014;24(1):1141-7. doi: 10.3233/BME-130914.
This study was to investigate the effect of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides (SFPS-B2) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901. Cells were treated with different concentrations of SFPS-B2. MTT and flow cytometry (FCM) assays were performed to evaluate the eff
PMID 24212007

Cytoplasm segmentation on cervical cell images using graph cut-based approach.

Zhang L, Kong H, Chin CT, Wang T, Chen S.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen 518060, China Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen 518060, China.
Bio-medical materials and engineering.Biomed Mater Eng.2014;24(1):1125-31. doi: 10.3233/BME-130912.
This paper proposes a method to segment the cytoplasm in cervical cell images using graph cut-based algorithm. First, the A* channel in CIE LAB color space is extracted for contrast enhancement. Then, in order to effectively extract cytoplasm boundaries when image histograms present non-bimodal dist
PMID 24212005

Japanese Journal

細胞質ダイニンの運動制御機構

鳥澤嵩征,古田健也,豊島陽子
生物物理 55(3), 127-132, 2015-06
NAID 40020506374

新しい血管炎の概念と分類

勝山隆行,佐田憲映
臨床免疫・アレルギー科 = Clinical immunology & allergology 63(6), 610-615, 2015-06
NAID 40020505232

視神経障害を発症したと思われるANCA関連血管炎の1例 (特集第68回日本臨床眼科学会講演集(4))

伊野田悟,吉田淳,川島秀俊
臨床眼科 69(6), 869-873, 2015-06
NAID 40020504371

A hyperactive piggyBac transposon system is an easy-to-implement method for introducing foreign genes into mouse preimplantation embryos

SUZUKI Shinnosuke,TSUKIYAMA Tomoyuki,KANEKO Takehito [他]
The journal of reproduction and development 61(3), 241-244, 2015-06
NAID 40020494194

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細胞質内」「protoplasmic」「細胞質側」「cytoplasma」
拡張検索	「nucleocytoplasmic transport」「intracytoplasmic」

「細胞質内」

Cell biology
	The animal cell
	; Components of a typical animal cell: Nucleolus; Nucleus; Ribosome (little dots); Vesicle; Rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body"); Cytoskeleton; Smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Mitochondrion; Vacuole; Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles); Lysosome; Centrosome; Cell membrane;

　　[★]

英: cytoplasmic、intracytoplasmic
関: 原形質、細胞質、細胞質側

「protoplasmic」

　　[★]

adj.

原形質の

関: cytoplasm、cytoplasmic、protoplasm

「細胞質側」

　　[★]

英: cytoplasmic
関: 原形質、細胞質、細胞質内

「cytoplasma」

　　[★]

n.

細胞質

関: cytoplasm、cytoplasmic

「nucleocytoplasmic transport」

　　[★]

核細胞質間輸送

関: nuclear export、nuclear import、nuclear transport

「intracytoplasmic」

　　[★]

細胞質内の

関: cytoplasmic

[1] Franklin Institute (November 23, 2013). "Cytoplasm". fi.edu.

[2] C. Michael Hogan. 2010. Calcium. eds. A.Jorgensen, C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment.

[3] Cytoplasm Composition. menloschool.org

[4] van Zon A, Mossink MH, Scheper RJ, Sonneveld P, Wiemer EA (September 2003). "The vault complex". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 (9): 1828–37. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3030-y. PMID 14523546.

[Prychid1999-5] Prychid, Christina J.; Rudall, Paula J. (1999). "Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Monocotyledons: A Review of their Structure and Systematics". Annals of Botany 84 (6): 725. doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.0975.

[Prychid2003-6] Prychid, C. J.; Rudall, P. J.; Gregory, M. (2004). "Systematics and Biology of Silica Bodies in Monocotyledons". The Botanical Review 69 (4): 377–440. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2004)069[0377:SABOSB]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4354467.

[7] Ball SG, Morell MK (2003). "From bacterial glycogen to starch: understanding the biogenesis of the plant starch granule". Annu Rev Plant Biol 54: 207–33. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134927. PMID 14502990.

[8] Shearer J, Graham TE (April 2002). "New perspectives on the storage and organization of muscle glycogen". Can J Appl Physiol 27 (2): 179–203. doi:10.1139/h02-012. PMID 12179957.

[9] Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1 December 1990). "Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates". Microbiol. Rev. 54 (4): 450–72. PMC 372789. PMID 2087222.

[10] Murphy DJ (September 2001). "The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals, growth and microorganisms". Prog. Lipid Res. 40 (5): 325–438. doi:10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00013-3. PMID 11470496.

[Shiebinger-11] Schiebinger, Londa (1999). Has feminism changed science?. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0674005449.

[Hess-12] Hess, David J. (1995). Science and Technology in a Multicultural World. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 30. ISBN 023110197X.

[Viscoplasticity-13] Feneberg, Wolfgang; Sackmann, Erich, Westphal, Monika (21). "Dictyostelium cells' cytoplasm as an active viscoplastic body". European Biophysics Journal 30 (4): 284–94. doi:10.1007/s002490100135. PMID 11548131. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)

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