WordNet

become tight or as if tight; "Her throat constricted" (同)constringe, narrow
the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
especially tense; especially in some dialects
drawn together or squeezed physically or by extension psychologically; "a constricted blood vessel"; "a constricted view of life"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈物など〉'を'締めつける,圧縮する
(一般にschoolに学ぶ)『生徒』;(個人指導を受けている)生徒,門下生,弟子
ひとみ,瞳孔(どうこう)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/27 18:35:36」(JST)

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Not to be confused with meiosis, mitosis, or myositis.

Miosis (or myosis, from Ancient Greek μύειν, mūein, "to close the eyes") is a term with various definitions, which generally include constriction of the pupil.

The opposite condition, mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. Anisocoria is the condition of one pupil being more dilated than the other.

Definitions[edit]

Definitions of miosis include:

Constriction of the pupil that is excessive,^[1] which may potentially be interpreted as being relative to what would be expected by the amount of light the pupil receives
Constriction of the pupil to a diameter of less than two millimeters^{[not in citation given]}^[2]^[3]
Constriction of the pupil with causes including both abnormal and physiological ones.^{[not in citation given]}^[4]
Pupillary constriction by abnormal causes.^{[not in citation given]}^[5]

Physiology of the photomotor reflex[edit]

Light entering the eye strikes three different photoreceptors in the retina: the familiar rods and cones used in image forming and the more newly discovered photosensitive ganglion cells. The ganglion cells give information about ambient light levels, and react sluggishly compared to the rods and cones. Signals from photosensitive ganglion cells have multiple functions including acute suppression of the hormone melatonin, entrainment of the body's circadian rhythms and regulation of the size of the pupil.

The retinal photoceptors convert light stimuli into electric impulses. Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil connect to the pretectal nucleus of the high midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex. From the pretectal nucleus neurons send axons to neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus whose visceromotor axons run along both the left and right oculomotor nerves. Visceromotor nerve axons (which constitute a portion of cranial nerve III, along with the somatomotor portion derived from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus) synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons, whose parasympathetic axons innervate the iris sphincter muscle, producing miosis. This occurs because sympathetic activity from the ciliary ganglion is lost thus parasympathetics are not inhibited. Image

Causes[edit]

Age[edit]

Diseases[edit]

Horner's syndrome
Hemorrhage into pons (intracranial hemorrhage)
Hereditary disorders
Cluster Headaches with ptosis
Iridocyclitis
Fatal familial insomnia

Drugs[edit]

Opioids such as fentanyl, morphine, heroin and methadone (the notable exception being demerol/pethidine)
Antipsychotics, including haloperidol, thorazine, olanzapine, quetiapine and others
Cholinergic agents such as acetylcholine
Some cancer chemotherapy drugs, including camptothecin derivatives
Mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA)
Trazodone
Some MAO Inhibitors.
In some rare cases, when exposed to mustard gas.
Organophosphates

References[edit]

^ Farlex medical dictionary citing:
- Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition.
- Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed.
^ Seidel, Henry M.; Jane W. Ball, Joyce E. Dains, G. William Benedict (2006-03-29). Mosby's Guide to Physical Examination. Mosby. ISBN 978-0-32-303573-6.
^ Farlex medical dictionary citing: Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition.
^ Farlex medical dictionary citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. Copyright 2007
^ Farlex medical dictionary citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition.

External links[edit]

FP Notebook
-1254817782 at GPnotebook

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人におけるオピオイド中毒 opioid intoxication in adults
2. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
3. 瞳孔不同患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with anisocoria
4. 緊張性瞳孔 tonic pupil
5. 違法薬物の急性摂取（体内隠匿による） acute ingestion of illicit drugs body stuffing

English Journal

Cyclosporine-inhibitable Cerebral Drug Transport Does Not Influence Clinical Methadone Pharmacodynamics.

Meissner K1, Blood J, Francis AM, Yermolenka V, Kharasch ED.
Anesthesiology.Anesthesiology.2014 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND:: Interindividual variability and drug interaction studies suggest that blood-brain barrier drug transporters mediate human methadone brain biodistribution. In vitro and animal studies suggest that methadone is a substrate for the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein, and that P-glycoprotein
PMID 25072223

Pupillary Effects of High-dose Opioid Quantified with Infrared Pupillometry.

Rollins MD1, Feiner JR, Lee JM, Shah S, Larson M.
Anesthesiology.Anesthesiology.2014 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND:: The pupillary light reflex is a critical component of the neurologic examination, yet whether it is present, depressed, or absent is unknown in patients with significant opioid toxicity. Although opioids produce miosis by activating the pupillary sphincter muscle, these agents may induc
PMID 25068603

Gain-of-Function mutation in STIM1 (p.R304W) is Associated with Stormorken Syndrome.

Morin G1, Bruechle NO, Singh AR, Knopp C, Jedraszak G, Elbracht M, Brémond-Gignac D, Hartmann K, Sevestre H, Deutz P, Hérent D, Nürnberg P, Roméo B, Konrad K, Mathieu-Dramard M, Oldenburg J, Bourges-Petit E, Shen Y, Zerres K, Ouadid-Ahidouch H, Rochette J.
Human mutation.Hum Mutat.2014 Jul 18. doi: 10.1002/humu.22621. [Epub ahead of print]
Stormorken syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a phenotype that includes miosis, thrombocytopenia/thrombocytopathy with bleeding time diathesis, intellectual disability, mild hypocalcaemia, muscle fatigue, asplenia and ichthyosis. Using targeted sequencing and whole exome
PMID 25044882

Japanese Journal

椎骨動脈の解離によると考えられたｔｏｐ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｂａｓｉｌａｒ　ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅの１例

脳卒中 14(6), 644-648, 1992
NAID 130003631028

眼疾と先天梅毒性歯牙について

九州齒科學會雜誌 : Kyushu-Shika-Gakkai-zasshi 28(1), 43-54, 1974-05-31
NAID 110003002295

先天梅毒に対する形態異常歯の診断的価値に関する研究

九州齒科學會雜誌 : Kyushu-Shika-Gakkai-zasshi 27(6), 594-615, 1974-03-31
NAID 110003006963

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