WordNet

be a companion to somebody (同)companion, accompany, keep company
the state of being with someone; "he missed their company"; "he enjoyed the society of his friends" (同)companionship, fellowship, society
organization of performers and associated personnel (especially theatrical); "the traveling company all stayed at the same hotel" (同)troupe
a social gathering of guests or companions; "the house was filled with company when I arrived"
a unit of firefighters including their equipment; "a hook-and-ladder company"
an institution created to conduct business; "he only invests in large well-established companies"; "he started the company in his garage"
small military unit; usually two or three platoons
of or belonging to a corporation; "corporate rates"; "corporate structure"
done by or characteristic of individuals acting together; "a joint identity"; "the collective mind"; "the corporate good" (同)collective
organized and maintained as a legal corporation; "a special agency set up in corporate form"; "an incorporated town" (同)incorporated
a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state (同)corp
a theatrical company that performs plays from a repertoire (同)repertory company
a company that is completely controlled by another company (同)subsidiary
a company that operates oil pipelines for the oil industry
a company that sells furniture

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『来客』,客 / 〈C〉『会社』《略》(単数)『co.』,(複数)『cos.』;会社名の時は『Co.』) / 〈U〉交際,付き合い / 〈U〉『仲間』,友だち / 〈C〉《集合的に》(…の)『団体』,一行,一座,劇団《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(陸軍の)歩兵中隊 / 〈C〉《集合的に》(船の)全乗組員
法人[組織]の / 共同の,団体の / 《時に名詞の後に用いて》集団になった,統合した
『社団法人』,『法人』(《略》『corp.,Corp.』) / 地方議会
《米》合資会社 / 《英》株式会社

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/16 10:56:06」(JST)

A company, abbreviated co., is a legal entity made up of an association of people, be they natural, legal, or a mixture of both, for carrying on a commercial or industrial enterprise. Company members share a common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents and organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific, declared goals. Companies take various forms such as:

Voluntary associations which may include nonprofit organization
A group of soldiers
Business entities with an aim of gaining a profit
Financial entities and banks

A company or association of persons can be created at law as legal person so that the company in itself can accept limited liability for civil responsibility and taxation incurred as members perform (or fail) to discharge their duty within the publicly declared "birth certificate" or published policy.

Because companies are legal persons, they also may associate and register themselves as companies – often known as a corporate group. When the company closes it may need a "death certificate" to avoid further legal obligations.

Meanings and definitions

A company can be defined as an "artificial person", invisible, intangible, created by or under law, with a discrete legal personality, perpetual succession, and a common seal.^{[citation needed]} It is not affected by the death, insanity, or insolvency of an individual member.

Etymology

The English word company has its origins in the Old French military term compaignie (first recorded in 1150), meaning a "body of soldiers",^[1] and originally from the Late Latin word companio "companion, one who eats bread [pane] with you", first attested in the Lex Salica as a calque of the Germanic expression *gahlaibo (literally, "with bread"), related to Old High German galeipo "companion" and Gothic gahlaiba "messmate". By 1303, the word referred to trade guilds. Usage of company to mean "business association" was first recorded in 1553,^{[citation needed]} and the abbreviation "co." dates from 1769.

United Kingdom

In English law and in legal jurisdictions based upon it, a company is a body corporate or corporation company registered under the Companies Acts or similar legislation.^[2] Common forms include:

Private companies limited by guarantee
Companies without share capital (often non-profit entities)
Private companies limited by shares - the most common form of company
Public limited companies - companies, usually large, which are permitted to (but do not have to) offer their shares to the public, for example on a stock exchange

In the United Kingdom, a partnership is not legally a company, but may sometimes be referred to^{[by whom?]} informally as a company. It may be referred to as a firm.

United States

In the United States, a company may be a "corporation, partnership, association, joint-stock company, trust, fund, or organized group of persons, whether incorporated or not, and (in an official capacity) any receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, or similar official, or liquidating agent, for any of the foregoing".^[3] In the US, a company is not necessarily a corporation.^[4]

Types

A company limited by guarantee. Commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise they have no economic rights in relation to the company. This type of company is common in England. A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having share capital.
A company limited by shares. The most common form of company used for business ventures. Specifically, a limited company is a "company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested" with corporations being "the most common example of a limited company."^[3] This type of company is common in England and many English-speaking countries. A company limited by shares may be a
- publicly traded company or a
- privately held company.
A company limited by guarantee with a share capital. A hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return. This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.^[5]
A limited liability company. "A company—statutorily authorized in certain states—that is characterized by limited liability, management by members or managers, and limitations on ownership transfer", i.e., L.L.C.^[3] LLC structure has been called "hybrid" in that it "combines the characteristics of a corporation and of a partnership or sole proprietorship". Like a corporation, it has limited liability for members of the company, and like a partnership it has "flow-through taxation to the members" and must be "dissolved upon the death or bankruptcy of a member".^[6]
An unlimited company with or without a share capital. A hybrid entity, a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts (if any) of the company are not limited. In this case doctrine of veil of incorporation does not apply.

Less common types of companies are:

Companies formed by letters patent. Most corporations by letters patent are corporations sole and not companies as the term is commonly understood today.
Charter corporations. Before the passing of modern companies legislation, these were the only types of companies. Now they are relatively rare, except for very old companies that still survive (of which there are still many, particularly many British banks), or modern societies that fulfill a quasi regulatory function (for example, the Bank of England is a corporation formed by a modern charter).
Statutory companies. Relatively rare today, certain companies have been formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction.

Note that "Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held."^{[citation needed]}

In legal parlance, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the "members". In a company limited or unlimited by shares (formed or incorporated with a share capital), this will be the shareholders. In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors. Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions. Examples include "segregated portfolio companies" and restricted purpose companies.

There are, however, many, many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world.

Companies are also sometimes distinguished for legal and regulatory purposes between public companies and private companies. Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a stock exchange which imposes listing requirements/Listing Rules as to the issued shares, the trading of shares and future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of an exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders.

A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company. The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction.

References

^ Harper, Douglas. "company". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Companies Act 2006, Section 1
^ ^a ^b ^c Black's Law and lee Dictionary. Second Pocket Edition. Bryan A. Garner, editor. West. 2001.
^ "Company legal definition of company". TheFreeDictionary.com.
^ Companies Act 2006
^ root. "Limited Liability Company (LLC) Definition - Investopedia". Investopedia.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. オーダーメイド医療 personalized medicine
2. 造血細胞移植のための臍帯血の収集および保存 collection and storage of umbilical cord blood for hematopoietic cell transplantation
3. 閉塞性睡眠時無呼吸の小児に行うCPAP（持続陽圧呼吸療法） cpap for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea
4. 成人への陽圧換気に用いる人工呼吸器からのデータのダウンロード downloading data from positive airway pressure devices in adults
5. 病院前小児科医療および救急医療（EMS） prehospital pediatrics and emergency medical services ems

English Journal

Analytical strategy based on the combination of gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzers for non-target analysis in food packaging.

Cherta L1, Portolés T1, Pitarch E2, Beltran J1, López FJ1, Calatayud C3, Company B3, Hernández F1.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Dec 1;188:301-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.141. Epub 2015 May 5.
The potential of an advanced analytical strategy based on the use of gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with two different analyzers and ionization sources has been investigated and applied to the non-target analysis of food packaging contaminants. Initially,
PMID 26041196

Lipid oxidation in minced beef meat with added Krebs cycle substrates to stabilise colour.

Yi G1, Grabež V2, Bjelanovic M2, Slinde E2, Olsen K2, Langsrud O3, Phung VT2, Haug A4, Oostindjer M2, Egelandsdal B2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Nov 15;187:563-71. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.002. Epub 2015 Apr 7.
Krebs cycle substrates (KCS) can stabilise the colour of packaged meat by oxygen reduction. This study tested whether this reduction releases reactive oxygen species that may lead to lipid oxidation in minced meat under two different storage conditions. KCS combinations of succinate and glutamate in
PMID 25977064

A better way of fitting clips? A comparative study with respect to physical workload.

Gaudez C1, Wild P2, Aublet-Cuvelier A3.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2015 Nov;51:236-43. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.05.005. Epub 2015 Jun 7.
The clip fitting task is a frequently encountered assembly operation in the car industry. It can cause upper limb pain. During task laboratory simulations, upper limb muscular activity and external force were compared for 4 clip fitting methods: with the bare hand, with an unpowered tool commonly us
PMID 26154222

Job hindrances, job resources, and safety performance: The mediating role of job engagement.

Yuan Z1, Li Y2, Tetrick LE3.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2015 Nov;51:163-71. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.04.021. Epub 2015 May 23.
Job engagement has received widespread attention in organizational research but has rarely been empirically investigated in the context of safety. In the present study, we examined the mediating role of job engagement in the relationships between job characteristics and safety performance using self
PMID 26154214