WordNet

the act of combining things to form a new whole (同)combining, compounding
the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
a coordinated sequence of chess moves
a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose; "they were a winning combination"
a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock; "he forgot the combination to the safe"
an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
(medicine) the act of caring for someone (as by medication or remedial training etc.); "the quarterback is undergoing treatment for a knee injury"; "he tried every treatment the doctors suggested"; "heat therapy gave the best relief"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…の)『結合』,組み合わせ;〈C〉(…の)組み合わされたもの,結合体《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…との)『連合』,団結,共同,提携;〈C〉連合体,共同体,組合《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈C〉=combination lock / 《複数形で》(また《話》coms)コンビネーション(上下続きの肌着)
(病気の)治療,療法 / =psychotherapy

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/05/11 13:13:16」(JST)

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Combination therapy or polytherapy is therapy that uses more than one medication or modality (versus monotherapy, which is any therapy taken alone). Typically, these terms refer to using multiple therapies to treat a single disease, and often all the therapies are pharmaceutical (although it can also involve non-medical therapy, such as the combination of medications and talk therapy to treat depression). 'Pharmaceutical' combination therapy may be achieved by prescribing/administering separate drugs, or, where available, dosage forms that contain more than one active ingredient (such as fixed-dose combinations).

Polypharmacy is a related term, referring to the use of multiple medications (without regard to whether they are for the same or separate conditions/diseases). Sometimes "polymedicine" is used to refer to pharmaceutical combination therapy. Most of these kinds of terms lack a universally consistent definition, so caution and clarification are often advisable.

Uses for combination therapy

Conditions treated with combination therapy include tuberculosis, leprosy, cancer, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. One major benefit of combination therapies is that they reduce development of drug resistance, since a pathogen or tumor is less likely to have resistance to multiple drugs simultaneously. Artemisinin-based monotherapies for malaria are explicitly discouraged to avoid the problem of developing resistance to the newer treatment.

Combination therapy may seem costlier than monotherapy in the short term, but when used appropriately, it causes significant savings: lower treatment failure rate, lower case-fatality ratios, fewer side-effects than monotherapy, slower development of resistance and consequently, less money needed for the development of new drugs.^[1]

Combination therapy in oncology

Combination therapy has gained momentum in oncology in recent years, with various studies demonstrating higher response rates with combinations of drugs when compared to monotherapies,^[2]^[3] and the FDA recently approving therapeutic combination regimens that demonstrated superior safety and efficacy to monotherapies.^[4] In a recent study about solid cancers, Martin Nowak, Bert Vogelstein, and colleagues showed that in most clinical cases combination therapies will be needed to avoid the evolution of resistance to targeted drugs. Furthermore, they find that the sequential administration of multiple targeted drugs precludes any chance for cure — even when there are no possible mutations that can confer cross-resistance to both drugs.^[1]

Various systems biology methods have been utilized to discover combination therapies to overcome drug resistance in select cancer types.^[5]^[6] Recent precision medicine approaches have focused on targeting multiple biomarkers found in individual tumors using combinations of drugs.^[7] However, with 300 FDA-approved cancer drugs on the market, there almost 45,000 possible two-drug combinations and almost 4.5 million three-drug combinations for to choose from.^[8] This level of complexity is one of the primary impediments to the growth of combination therapy in oncology.^[7]

The National Cancer Institute has recently highlighted combination therapy as a top research priority in oncology.^[9]

Contrast to monotherapy

Monotherapy can be applied to any therapeutic approach, but it is most commonly used to describe the use of a single medication. Normally, monotherapy is selected because a single medication is adequate to treat the medical condition. However, monotherapies may also be used because of unwanted side effects or dangerous drug interactions.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b Bozic; Reiter; Allen; et al. (June 25, 2013). "Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted combination therapy". eLife. 2:e00747. doi:10.7554/eLife.00747.
^ Janku, Filip; Hong, David S.; Fu, Siqing; Piha-Paul, Sarina A.; Naing, Aung; Falchook, Gerald S.; Tsimberidou, Apostolia M.; Stepanek, Vanda M.; Moulder, Stacy L. (2014-01-30). "Assessing PIK3CA and PTEN in early-phase trials with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors". Cell Reports. 6 (2): 377–387. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.035. ISSN 2211-1247. PMC 4409143 . PMID 24440717.
^ Musgrove, Elizabeth A.; Caldon, C. Elizabeth; Barraclough, Jane; Stone, Andrew; Sutherland, Robert L. (2011-07-07). "Cyclin D as a therapeutic target in cancer". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 11 (8): 558–572. doi:10.1038/nrc3090. ISSN 1474-1768. PMID 21734724.
^ "Novartis receives FDA approval for first-of-its-kind Kisqali® Femara® Co-Pack for initial treatment of HR+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer | Novartis US". www.pharma.us.novartis.com. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
^ Korkut, A; Wang, W; Demir, E; Aksoy, BA; Jing, X; Molinelli, EJ; Babur, Ö; Bemis, DL; Onur Sumer, S; Solit, DB; Pratilas, CA; Sander, C (18 August 2015). "Perturbation biology nominates upstream-downstream drug combinations in RAF inhibitor resistant melanoma cells". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/elife.04640. PMC 4539601 . PMID 26284497.
^ Lee, MJ; Ye, AS; Gardino, AK; Heijink, AM; Sorger, PK; MacBeath, G; Yaffe, MB (11 May 2012). "Sequential application of anticancer drugs enhances cell death by rewiring apoptotic signaling networks". Cell. 149 (4): 780–94. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.031. PMC 3501264 . PMID 22579283.
^ ^a ^b "Drug Combinations to Overcome Treatment Resistance". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
^ Culjat, M (2017-05-11). "By the Numbers: Combination Therapy in Oncology | CureMatch". CureMatch Blog. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
^ "Combination Therapies for Cancer - Annual Plan". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
^ "Glossary". Retrieved 2008-04-02. Monotherapy: The treatment of epilepsy with a single medication rather than a combination. Monotherapy has advantages over combining medications in many patients, including absence of drug-drug interactions, fewer side effects, simpler dosing, and lower cost. However, not all patients can be controlled with monotherapy.

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1. 転移性ホルモン受容体陽性乳癌に対する治療アプローチ：内分泌療法 treatment approach to metastatic hormone receptor positive breast cancer endocrine therapy
2. 小児うつ病の治療の概要 overview of treatment for pediatric depression
3. 小児および思春期における注意欠陥多動性障害：治療および予後の概要 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents overview of treatment and prognosis
4. 成人におけるてんかんのマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of epilepsy in adults
5. 閉経後の女性における骨粗鬆症のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

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Gualou Guizhi decoction reverses brain damage with cerebral ischemic stroke, multi-component directed multi-target to screen calcium-overload inhibitors using combination of molecular docking and protein-protein docking.

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Japanese Journal

Highlighted Paper selected by Editor-in-Chief : Meta-analysis of the Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage with Combination Therapy of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Oka Yoshinari,Okamoto Kousuke,Kawashita Norihito [他]
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 37(6), 947-953, 2014-06
NAID 40020073554

Renal sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach to treatment of type 2 diabetes: Clinical data and mechanism of action.

Fujita Yoshihito,Inagaki Nobuya
Journal of diabetes investigation 5(3), 265-275, 2014-05-04
… The data of clinical trials with monotherapy as well as combination therapy show that SGLT2 inhibitors have a blood glucose-lowering effect and also reduce bodyweight. …
NAID 120005439555