WordNet

put cold cream on ones face
unconscious from a blow or shock or intoxication; "the boxer was out cold"; "pass out cold"
a mild viral infection involving the nose and respiratory passages (but not the lungs); "will they never find a cure for the common cold?" (同)common_cold
the sensation produced by low temperatures; "he shivered from the cold"; "the cold helped clear his head" (同)coldness
without compunction or human feeling; "in cold blood"; "cold-blooded killing"; "insensate destruction" (同)cold-blooded, inhuman, insensate
sexually unresponsive; "was cold to his advances"; "a frigid woman" (同)frigid
lacking originality or spontaneity; no longer new; "moth-eaten theories about race"; "stale news" (同)stale, dusty, moth-eaten
(color) giving no sensation of warmth; "a cold bluish grey"
extended meanings; especially of psychological coldness; without human warmth or emotion; "a cold unfriendly nod"; "a cold and unaffectionate person"; "a cold impersonal manner"; "cold logic"; "the concert left me cold"
feeling or showing no enthusiasm; "a cold audience"; "a cold response to the new play"
having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration; "a cold climate"; "a cold room"; "dinner has gotten cold"; "cold fingers"; "if you are cold, turn up the heat"; "a cold beer"
having lost freshness through passage of time; "a cold trail"; "dogs attempting to catch a cold scent"
lacking the warmth of life; "cold in his grave"
marked by errorless familiarity; "had her lines cold before rehearsals started"
of a seeker; far from the object sought
so intense as to be almost uncontrollable; "cold fury gripped him"
put on cream, as on ones face or body; "She creams her face every night"
add cream to ones coffee, for example
toiletry consisting of any of various substances in the form of a thick liquid that have a soothing and moisturizing effect when applied to the skin (同)ointment, emollient
the best people or things in a group; "the cream of Englands young men were killed in the Great War" (同)pick
the part of milk containing the butterfat
beat thoroughly and conclusively in a competition or fight; "We licked the other team on Sunday!" (同)bat, clobber, drub, thrash, lick
make creamy by beating; "Cream the butter"
a pass between mountain peaks (同)gap

PrepTutorEJDIC

『寒い』,冷たい;冷えた,冷やした / (性格・態度などが)『冷たい』,冷淡な,熱意のない;無情な,冷酷な / (物事が)人をがっかりさせる,つまらない / (色調が)冷たい,寒色の / (獲物のにおい臭が)かすかな,弱い / 《話》(打撃などで)意識を失った,失神した / 完全に,全く / 〈U〉《しばしばthe~》『寒さ』,寒け,冷たさ / 〈C〉,時に〈U〉『かぜ』,感冒
〈U〉『クリーム』(牛乳の上部に沙まる脂肪分) / 〈C〉〈U〉『クリーム菓子』,クリーム製食品,クリーム状の食品 / 〈C〉〈U〉『化床クリーム』;クリーム状の薬品 / 《the cream》(…の)最上の部分,真髄,粋《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉クリーム色 / 〈牛乳〉‘から'クリームをとる / …'を'クリーム状にする / 〈野菜・乳〉'を'クリーム(または牛乳)で煮る
(山脈の)鞍部(あんぶ),山あい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/25 15:50:08」(JST)

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Cold cream.

Jar for cold cream from the first half of the 20th century. From the Museo del Objeto del Objeto collection.

Cold cream is an emulsion of water and certain fats, usually including beeswax and various scent agents, designed to smooth skin and remove makeup. The emulsion is of a "water in oil" type unlike the "oil in water" type emulsion of vanishing cream, so-called because it seems to disappear when applied on skin. The name "cold cream" derives from the cooling feeling that the cream leaves on the skin. Variations of the product have been used for nearly 2000 years.

Cold cream is mainly used for skin treatment (such as a facial mask or lip balm), due to its moisturizing properties. It can also be used to remove makeup and as shaving cream.^[1]^[2]

History

The invention of cold cream is credited to Galen, a physician in second century Greece.^[3] This 1857 account relates:

The modern formula for cold cream is, however, quite a different thing to that given in the works of Galen, in point of odour and quality, although substantially the same--grease and water. In perfumery there are several kinds of cold cream, distinguished by their odour, such as that of camphor, almond, violet, roses, &c.^[4]

In France, this substance is still known as cérat de Galien ('Galen's Wax'). A copy of the London Dispensatory, edited by Nicholas Culpeper and published in the year 1650 included the following formula for this substance:

Take of white wax four ounces, oyl of roses omphacine a pound; melt in a double vessel, then powr it out into another, by degrees putting in cold water, and often powring it out of one vessel into another, stirring it till it be white ; last of all wash it in rose water, adding a little rose water and rose vineger.^[5]

— Nicholas Culpeper (1650), London Dispensatory

An 1814 poem credited to "Dr. Russell" gives the following account of the benefits attributed to cold cream in that day:

WHEN a pot of cold cream to Eliza you send,

You with words to this purpose your present commend;
Whoe'er with this cream shall her countenance smear,
All redness and roughness will strait disappear,
And the skin to a wonder be charmingly clear;
If pimples arise, this will take them away;
If the small-pox should mark you, those marks will decay;
If wrinkled through age, or bad dawbing the face is,
'Twill be smooth in a trice, as the best Venice glass is;
All this, and much more (could I spare time to write it,
Or my pen go as fast, as your lips would indite it)
You affirm of your cream: and I would not abuse it,

But pray tell me one thing—Do you yourself use it?^[6]

— Dr. Russell, To A Lady: in imitation of the thirtieth Epigram of the fifth Book of Martial

Modern formulation

Cold cream now replaces the olive oil with mineral oil or other oils, which are cheaper and slower to spoil, as well as alcohol, glycerin, and lanolin.^[3] Beginning in the 1970s, jojoba oil became a common ingredient, used as a substitute of sperm oil from whales.^[3] Another common ingredient in modern cold cream is borax, which is also responsible for the whiteness of cold cream. Widely sold brands of cold cream in the United States include Pond's and Noxzema.^{[citation needed]}

Over the centuries, new uses have been found for the product: "As a toilet requisite cold cream is used for softening and cooling the skin after sunburn, as a cleansing cream, to relieve harshness of the skin, etc".^[7]

References

^ "The Benefits of Cold Cream". Well Being Doctor. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
^ Oliver, Dana (17 May 2012). "Cold Cream And Its Many Uses: 7 Readers Tell Us How They Use The Beauty Staple (PHOTOS)". Huff Post. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sherrow, Victoria (2001). For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming. pp. 238–39.
^ Piesse, George William Septimus (1857). The Art of Perfumery. p. 206.
^ Recounted in Moore, J. B. (1869) [1870]. "On Cold Cream". American Journal of Pharmacy (Philadelphia College of Pharmacy): 63.
^ Dr. Russell (1814). "To A Lady: in imitation of the thirtieth Epigram of the fifth Book of Martial". The poetical register, and repository of fugitive poetry. VIII: 1810–1811. London: Rivington, F. C. and J. p. 139. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
^ Hammerton, John Alexander (1920). Harmsworth's Household Encyclopedia: A Practical Guide to All Home Crafts. p. 980.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における感冒：臨床的特徴および診断 the common cold in children clinical features and diagnosis
2. The common cold in children: Management and prevention
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4. 成人における感冒：診断と臨床的特徴 the common cold in adults diagnosis and clinical features
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English Journal

Prior experience with a pain stimulus as a predictor of placebo analgesia.

Geers AL1, Fowler SL, Wellman JA, Helfer SG, Close S, France CR.
Journal of behavioral medicine.J Behav Med.2015 Feb;38(1):136-42. doi: 10.1007/s10865-014-9586-1. Epub 2014 Jul 24.
Placebo effects are important in pain reduction, but the effects are inconsistent. Prior experience with a pain stimulus may moderate placebo analgesia. The current study tests the effect of prior experience with a pain stimulus on placebo analgesia during a laboratory pain task. Healthy normotensiv
PMID 25056444

Mercury content in marketed cosmetics: analytical survey in Shijiazhuang, China.

Wang L1, Zhang H.
Cutaneous and ocular toxicology.Cutan Ocul Toxicol.2015 Jan 16:1-5. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract Context: Mercury is one of the skin-lightening ingredients in cosmetics as mercury ions are thought to inhibit the synthesis of the skin pigment melanin in melanocyte cells. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the mercury levels of cosmetics currently marketed in Shijiazh
PMID 25594253