WordNet

unconscious from a blow or shock or intoxication; "the boxer was out cold"; "pass out cold"
a mild viral infection involving the nose and respiratory passages (but not the lungs); "will they never find a cure for the common cold?" (同)common_cold
the sensation produced by low temperatures; "he shivered from the cold"; "the cold helped clear his head" (同)coldness
without compunction or human feeling; "in cold blood"; "cold-blooded killing"; "insensate destruction" (同)cold-blooded, inhuman, insensate
sexually unresponsive; "was cold to his advances"; "a frigid woman" (同)frigid
lacking originality or spontaneity; no longer new; "moth-eaten theories about race"; "stale news" (同)stale, dusty, moth-eaten
(color) giving no sensation of warmth; "a cold bluish grey"
extended meanings; especially of psychological coldness; without human warmth or emotion; "a cold unfriendly nod"; "a cold and unaffectionate person"; "a cold impersonal manner"; "cold logic"; "the concert left me cold"
feeling or showing no enthusiasm; "a cold audience"; "a cold response to the new play"
having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration; "a cold climate"; "a cold room"; "dinner has gotten cold"; "cold fingers"; "if you are cold, turn up the heat"; "a cold beer"
having lost freshness through passage of time; "a cold trail"; "dogs attempting to catch a cold scent"
lacking the warmth of life; "cold in his grave"
marked by errorless familiarity; "had her lines cold before rehearsals started"
of a seeker; far from the object sought
so intense as to be almost uncontrollable; "cold fury gripped him"
wanted by the police; "a hot suspect"
charged or energized with electricity; "a hot wire"; "a live wire" (同)live
characterized by violent and forceful activity or movement; very intense; "the fighting became hot and heavy"; "a hot engagement"; "a raging battle"; "the river became a raging torrent" (同)raging
newest or most recent; "news hot off the press"; "red-hot information" (同)red-hot
producing a burning sensation on the taste nerves; "hot salsa"; "jalapeno peppers are very hot" (同)spicy
(color) bold and intense; "hot pink"
extended meanings; especially of psychological heat; marked by intensity or vehemence especially of passion or enthusiasm; "a hot temper"; "a hot topic"; "a hot new book"; "a hot love affair"; "a hot argument"
having or bringing unusually good luck; "hot at craps"; "the dice are hot tonight"
having or dealing with dangerously high levels of radioactivity; "hot fuel rods"; "a hot laboratory"
having or showing great eagerness or enthusiasm; "hot for travel"
marked by excited activity; "a hot week on the stock market"
newly made; "a hot scent"
of a seeker; very near to the object sought; "you are hot"
performed or performing with unusually great skill and daring and energy; "a hot drummer"; "hes hot tonight"
recently stolen or smuggled; "hot merchandise"; "a hot car"
sexually excited or exciting; "was hot for her"; "hot pants"
used of physical heat; having a high or higher than desirable temperature or giving off heat or feeling or causing a sensation of heat or burning; "hot stove"; "hot water"; "a hot August day"; "a hot stuffy room"; "shes hot and tired"; "a hot forehead"
very good; often used in the negative; "hes hot at math but not so hot at history"
very popular or successful; "one of the hot young talents"; "cabbage patch dolls were hot last season"
very unpleasant or even dangerous; "make it hot for him"; "in the hot seat"; "in hot water"
psychologically cool and unenthusiastic; unfriendly or unresponsive or showing dislike; "relations were cool and polite"; "a cool reception"; "cool to the idea of higher taxes"
loose heat; "The air cooled considerably after the thunderstorm" (同)chill, cool down
make cool or cooler; "Chill the food" (同)chill, cool down
lose intensity; "His enthusiasm cooled considerably" (同)cool_off, cool down
the quality of being at a refreshingly low temperature; "the cool of early morning"
marked by calm self-control (especially in trying circumstances); unemotional; "play it cool"; "keep cool"; "stayed coolheaded in the crisis"; "the most nerveless winner in the history of the tournament" (同)coolheaded, nerveless
(color) inducing the impression of coolness; used especially of greens and blues and violets; "cool greens and blues and violets"
(used of a number or sum) without exaggeration or qualification; "a cool million bucks"
fashionable and attractive at the time; often skilled or socially adept; "hes a cool dude"; "thats cool"; "Marys dress is really cool"; "its not cool to arrive at a party too early"
neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat; "a cool autumn day"; "a cool room"; "cool summer dresses"; "cool drinks"; "a cool breeze"
a pass between mountain peaks (同)gap

PrepTutorEJDIC

『寒い』,冷たい;冷えた,冷やした / (性格・態度などが)『冷たい』,冷淡な,熱意のない;無情な,冷酷な / (物事が)人をがっかりさせる,つまらない / (色調が)冷たい,寒色の / (獲物のにおい臭が)かすかな,弱い / 《話》(打撃などで)意識を失った,失神した / 完全に,全く / 〈U〉《しばしばthe~》『寒さ』,寒け,冷たさ / 〈C〉,時に〈U〉『かぜ』,感冒
『熱い』;『暑い』 / (体が)熱い,ほてる;ほてらせる / (味が)『辛い』,ひりひりする / (気性などの)『激しい』;(気分・感情などの)高ぶった,興奮した(excited);《話》性的に興奮した / 《話》熱烈な,熱狂的な,熱心な(eager) / (状態や動きが)『激しい』,激烈な(violent) / (におい・色など)強く感じる,どぎつい / (ニュースなどが)『新しい』,発表されたばかりの;(料理などが)できたての / 《話》(獲物などを)すぐあとに迫った;(クイズなどで)正解に近い / 《話》(商品などが)人気のある,売れる / (ジャズが)ホットな,強烈な音とリズムの / 《俗》盗んだばかりの;不法に入手した / 熱く,暑く / 激しく,熱心に / 怒って
『涼しい』,ひんやりとする / 冷たい,(熱いものが)さめた / 『冷静な』沈着な・(態度・感情などが)『冷淡な』,冷ややかな・平気な,ずうずうしい・《話》(金額・数量などを強調して)掛け値なしの,正味の・《俗》《今はまれ》すぐれた・冷たい色の,寒色の・…'を'『冷やす』,涼しくする,さます・〈情熱・興奮・怒りなど〉'を'+『静める』,落ち着かせる・〈物・空間などが〉冷える,涼しくなる・〈興奮・怒りなどが〉さめる,収まる・涼しさ,涼しい時(場所) ・冷静さ
《文》刃物
(山脈の)鞍部(あんぶ),山あい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/03 21:59:58」(JST)

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An iceberg

Cold refers to the condition or subjective perception of having low temperature, the absence of heat.^{[note 1]}

A lower bound to temperature is absolute zero, defined as 0 K on the Kelvin scale, an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. This corresponds to −273.15 °C on the Celsius scale, −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale, and 0 °R on the Rankine scale.

Since temperature relates to the thermal energy held by an object or a sample of matter, which is the kinetic energy of the random motion of the particle constituents of matter, an object will have less thermal energy when it is colder and more when it is hotter. If it were possible to cool a system to absolute zero, all motion of the particles in a sample of matter would cease and they would be at complete rest in this classical sense. The object would be described as having zero thermal energy. Microscopically in the description of quantum mechanics, however, matter still has zero-point energy even at absolute zero, because of the uncertainty principle.

Cooling

Out In The Cold, Léon Bazille Perrault

Signal "cold" - unofficial (except recommended by CMAS), however used by many schools of diving and propagated through the portals on the diving as one of the useful additional signals^[1]^[2].^[3]

Goose bumps, a common physiological response to cold, aiming to reduce the loss of body heat in a cold environment.

Cooling refers to the process of becoming cold, or lowering in temperature. This could be accomplished by removing heat from a system, or exposing the system to an environment with a lower temperature.

Fluids used to cool objects are commonly called coolants.

Air cooling is the process of cooling an object by exposing it to air. This will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object, and the process can be enhanced by increasing the surface area or decreasing the mass of the object.

Another common method of cooling is exposing an object to ice, dry ice, or liquid nitrogen. This works by convection; the heat is transferred from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant.

Laser cooling and Magnetic evaporative cooling are techniques used to reach very low temperatures.

Physiological effects

Cold has numerous physiological and pathological effects on the human body, as well as on other organisms. Cold environments may promote certain psychological traits, as well as having direct effects on the ability to move. Coordination is one of the first abilities to be affected. Extreme cold temperatures may lead to frostbite as well as hypothermia, which in turn may result in death.^{[citation needed]}

Notable cold locations and objects

A photograph of the snow surface at Dome C Station, Antarctica a part of the notoriously cold polar plateau, it is representative of the majority of the continent's surface.

The coldest known temperature ever achieved is a state of matter called the Bose–Einstein condensate which was first theorized to exist by Satyendra Nath Bose in 1924 and first created by Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, and co-workers at JILA on June 5, 1995. They did this by cooling a dilute vapor consisting of approximately two thousand rubidium-87 atoms to below 170 nK (one nK or nano K is a billionth (10^-9) of a Kelvin) using a combination of laser cooling (a technique that won its inventors Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics) and magnetic evaporative cooling.^[4]
The Boomerang Nebula is the coldest known natural location in the universe, with a temperature that is estimated at 1 K (−272.15 °C/−457.87 °F).^[5]
The Planck spacecraft's instruments are kept at 0.1 K (−273.05 °C/−459.49 °F) via passive and active cooling.^[6]
Absent any other source of heat, the temperature of the Universe is roughly 2.725 kelvin, due to the Cosmic microwave background radiation, a remnant of the Big Bang.^[7]
Neptune's moon Triton has a surface temperature of −235 °C (−390 °F).
Uranus with a black-body temperature of 58.2 K (-215.0 °C, -354.9 °F).^[8]
Saturn with a black-body temperature of 81.1 K (-192.0 °C, -313.7 °F).^[9]
Mercury, despite being close to the Sun, is actually cold during its night, with a temperature of about −170 °C (−275 °F). Mercury is cold during its night because it has no atmosphere to trap in heat from the Sun.^[10]
Jupiter with a black-body temperature of 110.0 K (-163.2 °C, -261.67 °F).^[11]
Mars with a black-body temperature of 210.1 K (-63.05 °C, -81.49 °F).^[12]
The coldest continent on Earth is Antarctica.^[13] The coldest place on Earth is the Antarctic Plateau,^[14] an area of Antarctica around the South Pole that has an altitude of around 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). The lowest reliably measured temperature on Earth of 183.9 K (-89.2 °C, -128.6 °F) was recorded there at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983^[15] (See List of weather records).

Notes

^ A cold body is often described as having less heat, although this use of "heat" would be incorrect in the context of physics, as heat refers to the transfer of energy between bodies, which do not "have" heat themselves.

References

^ Portal "Argonaut": Sygnały ręczne
^ Scuba Diving – Hand Signals – strona w języku angielskim
^ Diving Hand Signals (Additional signals) – strona w języku angielskim
^ http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/
^ "Boomerang Nebula boasts the coolest spot in the Universe". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. June 20, 1997. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
^ Staff (July 7, 2009). "Coldest Known Object in Space Is Very Unnatural". Space.com. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
^ Hinshaw, Gary (December 15, 2005). "Tests of the Big Bang: The CMB". NASA WMAP. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
^ Uranus Fact Sheet
^ Saturn Fact Sheet
^ http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/mercury_worldbook.html^{[dead link]}
^ Jupiter Fact Sheet
^ Mars Fact Sheet
^ Melting Ice in Antarctica : Image of the Day
^ Bignell, Paul (2007-01-21). "Polar explorers reach coldest place on Earth". The Independent (London). Retrieved 2010-04-30.
^ Budretsky, A.B. (1984). "New absolute minimum of air temperature". Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (in Russian) (Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat) (105).

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における感冒：治療および予防 the common cold in adults treatment and prevention
2. 成人における感冒：診断と臨床的特徴 the common cold in adults diagnosis and clinical features
3. 小児における感冒：治療および予防 the common cold in children treatment and prevention
4. 小児における感冒：臨床的特徴および診断 the common cold in children clinical features and diagnosis
5. 患者情報：成人における感冒（詳細） the common cold in adults beyond the basics

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