WordNet

moderate sized very symmetrical red-flowered evergreen widely cultivated in the tropics for its flower buds which are source of cloves (同)clove tree, Syzygium aromaticum, Eugenia aromaticum, Eugenia caryophyllatum
aromatic flower bud of a clove tree; yields a spice
one of the small bulblets that can be split off of the axis of a larger garlic bulb (同)garlic clove
spice from dried unopened flower bud of the clove tree; used whole or ground
cover with oil, as if by rubbing; "oil the wooden surface"
a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water
oil paint containing pigment that is used by an artist (同)oil_color, oil colour
treated with oil; "oiled country roads"; "an oiled walnut table"

PrepTutorEJDIC

チョウジの木(熱帯産の常緑高木) / チョウジの干したつぼみ(香料用)
小球根,小鱗茎(ユリ・ニンニクなどの親球根から派生した小さな球根)
cleaveの過去形
〈U〉〈C〉『油』;油状物 / =petroleum / 《複数形で》=oil paint / =oil painting / …‘に'油を塗る,油を引く,油を差す
油を差した(しみ込ませた) / 《俗》酒に酔った(drunk)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/25 09:37:00」(JST)

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Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil in clear glass vial

Oil of cloves, also known as clove oil, is an essential oil from the clove plant, Syzygium aromaticum. It has the CAS number 8000-34-8.

It is a natural analgaesic and antiseptic used primarily in dentistry for its main ingredient eugenol. It can also be purchased in pharmacies over the counter, as a home remedy for dental pain relief, mainly toothache. It is also often found in the aromatherapy section of health food stores and used in the flavoring of some medicines. The main oil-producing countries are Madagascar and Indonesia.^[1]

Clove oil is widely used in microscopical preparation, since it is miscible with Canada balsam and has a similar refractive index to glass (1.53).

Oil of cloves is marketed for a variety of medicinal uses; and scientific evidence indicates that it kills parasitic mites,^[2] if not cancer.^[3]

Oil of cloves (usually listed as clove oil) is also used as an ingredient in cat derrent sprays coupled with garlic oil and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and other ingredients.

Types [edit]

There are three types of clove oil:^[1]

Bud oil is derived form the flower-buds of S. aromaticum. It consists of 60–90% eugenol, eugenyl acetate, caryophyllene and other minor constituents.
Leaf oil is derived from the leaves of S. aromaticum. It consists of 82–88% eugenol with little or no eugenyl acetate, and minor constituents.
Stem oil is derived from the twigs of S. aromaticum. It consists of 90–95% eugenol, with other minor constituents.

Efficacy [edit]

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA):^[4]

Clove oil and eugenol, one of the chemicals it contains, have long been used topically for toothache, but the FDA has reclassified eugenol, downgrading its effectiveness rating. The FDA now believes there isn’t enough evidence to rate eugenol as effective for toothache pain.

In a 2006 study conducted by Kuwait University, researchers concluded that a clove preparation and benzocaine gel were equally efficacious when administered as a topical anesthetic for intraoral injections.^[5]^[6]^[3]

In Australia, after major flooding throughout Queensland, clove oil was used in a mixture of water to use as a spray to kill mold.

Side effects [edit]

Clove oil may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, burns in the mouth and throat, sore throat, seizures, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, sleepiness, intestinal bleeding, and liver or kidney failure.^[3] More serious effects have been reported in young children, even with small doses.^[3]

Severe reactions may occur in people with allergy to cloves (about 1.5% of the population).^[3]

Regulation [edit]

In Germany, Commission E permits the sale and administration of clove oil as a medicinal herb.^[3]^[7]

References [edit]

	Food portal
	Dentistry portal

^ ^a ^b Lawless, J. (1995). The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Essential Oils. ISBN 1-85230-661-0.
^ ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1661675/
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Cloves". American Cancer Society. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
^ "Clove". MedlinePlus. NIH.
^ Alqareer, Athbi; Asma Alyahya, Lars Andersson (November 2006). "The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics". Journal of Dentistry 34 (10): 747–750. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2006.01.009. PMID 16530911. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ O'Connor, Anahad (2011-02-17). "Remedies: Clove Oil for Tooth Pain". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
^ Rister, Robert; Klein, Siegrid; Riggins, Chance (1998-08-15). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines (1 ed.). American Botanical Council. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-9655555-0-0. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Use of propofol as an anesthetic and its efficacy on some hematological values of ornamental fish Carassius auratus.

Gholipourkanani H, Ahadizadeh S.SourceDepartment of fisheries and natural resource, agriculture faculty, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):76. Epub 2013 Mar 4.
The aim of this study was to determine the level of anesthesia attained in Carassius auratus using a propofol bath administration and using values of haematological profile of blood and examinations, to assess the effects of the fish exposure to that anaesthetic. Acute toxicity values of propofol fo
PMID 23539492

Whey protein isolate edible films with essential oils incorporated to improve the microbial quality of poultry.

Fernández-Pan I, Mendoza M, Maté JI.SourceFood Technology Department, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, s/n, 31006, Pamplona, Spain.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2013 Sep;93(12):2986-94. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6128. Epub 2013 May 10.
BACKGROUND: Whey protein isolate edible films with oregano or clove essential oils (EOs) incorporated as natural antimicrobials have been developed, with the aim of enhancing the microbial quality of poultry. The effectiveness of the films was determined against both the whole and selected microbiot
PMID 23494406

Concentration-dependent inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and heterocyclic amines in heated ground beef patties by apple and olive extracts, onion powder and clove bud oil.

Rounds L, Havens CM, Feinstein Y, Friedman M, Ravishankar S.SourceDepartment of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
Meat science.Meat Sci.2013 Aug;94(4):461-7. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.03.010. Epub 2013 Mar 15.
The effects of plant compounds on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and two major heat-induced heterocyclic amines (HCAs) MeIQx and PhIP in grilled ground beef patties were determined. Ground beef with added apple and olive extracts, onion powder, and clove bud oil was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (10⁷
PMID 23624435

Japanese Journal

Candida属真菌に対する各種精油及び精油成分の抗真菌作用，及びAmphotericin Bの抗真菌作用に及ぼす影響

野崎阿季子,高橋栄造,岡本敬の介,伊東秀之,波多野力
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 130(6), 895-902, 2010
… Clove oil in particular, and its major constituent eugenol, had potent effects. …
NAID 130000259483

Inhibitory Activity of Hydrosols, Herbal Teas and Related Essential Oils Against Filament Formation and the Growth of Candida albicans

INOUYE Shigeharu,TAKAHASHI Miki,ABE Shigeru
日本医真菌学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of medical mycology 50(4), 243-251, 2009-10-30
… In particular, the filamentous form was markedly inhibited by seven hydrosols, of which monarda, santolina and clove water also inhibited the growth of the yeast form. …
NAID 10026094608