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Gallstones containing bacteria are biofilms: bacterial slime production and ability to form pigment solids determines infection severity and bacteremia.

Stewart L1, Griffiss JM, Jarvis GA, Way LW.
Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract.J Gastrointest Surg.2007 Aug;11(8):977-83; discussion 983-4.
OBJECTIVE: Gallstone bacteria provide a reservoir for biliary infections. Slime production facilitates adherence, whereas beta-glucuronidase and phospholipase generate colonization surface. These factors facilitate gallstone formation, but their influence on infection severity is unknown.METHODS: Tw
PMID 17546479

Cholangitis: bacterial virulence factors that facilitate cholangiovenous reflux and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.

Stewart L1, Oesterle AL, Grifiss JM, Jarvis GA, Way LW.
Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract.J Gastrointest Surg.2003 Feb;7(2):191-8; discussion 198-9.
In previous studies we noted that biliary bacteria produce slime and possess P1-fimbriae. The presence of gram-negative bacteria killed by complement correlated with serious biliary infections and induced more tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in sera, suggesting a role for cytokine
PMID 12600443

Bacterial translocation from the biliary tract to blood and lymph in rats with obstructive jaundice.

Karsten TM1, van Gulik TM, Spanjaard L, Bosma A, van der Bergh Weerman MA, Dingemans KP, Dankert J, Gouma DJ.
The Journal of surgical research.J Surg Res.1998 Feb 1;74(2):125-30.
BACKGROUND: The disruption of the hepatocyte tight junctions observed in biliary obstruction suggests altered permeability of the blood-bile barrier. In this study the role of biliary obstruction and increased biliary pressure on the translocation of bacteria from biliary tract to bloodstream and ly
PMID 9587350