WordNet

material consisting of seed coverings and small pieces of stem or leaves that have been separated from the seeds (同)husk, shuck, stalk, straw, stubble
foil in thin strips; ejected into the air as a radar countermeasure
small European finch with a cheerful song (同)Fringilla coelebs
weedy plant having short dry chafflike leaves (同)bastard pimpernel, false pimpernel
a fern of the genus Schaffneria (同)Asplenium nigripes, Scolopendrium nigripes
one species (同)genus Schaffneria
soreness or irritation of the skin caused by friction

PrepTutorEJDIC

もみがら / (牛馬の飼料の)切りわら / つまらないもの,くず
(悪意はなくて)…をからかう,ひやかす / からかう,ひやかす / (悪意のない)からかい,ひやかし
ズアオアトリ(ヨーロッパ産の小型の鳴き鳥)
値切り,掛け合い / 値切る,値を掛け合う

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/28 10:15:54」(JST)

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Rice chaff

Chaff (/ˈtʃæf/ or /ˈtʃɑːf/)^[1] is the dry, scaly protective casings of the seeds of cereal grain, or similar fine, dry, scaly plant material such as scaly parts of flowers, or finely chopped straw. Chaff is indigestible by humans, but livestock can eat it and in agriculture it is used as livestock fodder, or is a waste material ploughed into the soil or burnt.

Etymology

"Chaff" comes from Middle English chaf, from Old English ceaf, related to Old High German cheva, "husk".

Grain chaff

Spikelets of a hulled wheat, einkorn

In grasses (including cereals such as rice, barley, oats and wheat), the ripe seed is surrounded by thin, dry, scaly bracts (called glumes, lemmas and paleas), forming a dry husk (or hull) around the grain. Once it is removed it is often referred to as chaff.

In wild cereals and in the primitive domesticated einkorn,^[2] emmer^[3] and spelt^[4] wheats, the husks enclose each seed tightly. Before the grain can be used, the husks must be removed.

The process of loosening the chaff from the grain so as to remove it is called threshing – traditionally done by milling or pounding. Separating remaining loose chaff from the grain is called winnowing – traditionally done by repeatedly tossing the grain up into a light wind which gradually blows the lighter chaff away. This method typically utilizes a broad, plate-shaped basket or similar receptacle to hold and collect the winnowed grain as it falls back down.

Domesticated grains such as durum wheat and common wheat have been bred to have chaff that is easily removed. These varieties are known as free-threshing or naked.

Chaff should not be confused with bran, which is finer scaly material that is part of the grain itself.

Straw chaff

Chaff is also made by chopping straw (or sometimes coarse hay) into very short lengths, using a machine called a chaff cutter. Like grain chaff this is used as animal feed, and is a way of turning coarse fodder into a form more palatable to livestock.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Botany

In botany, chaff refers to the thin receptacular bracts of many species in the sunflower family Asteraceae and related families. They are modified scale-like leaves surrounding single florets in the flower-head.

Metaphor

Chaff as a waste product from grain processing leads to a metaphorical use of the term, to refer to something seen as worthless. This is commonly used in the expression "to separate the wheat from the chaff" from Matthew 3:12 which says: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. Compare also the "Parable of the Tares", which refers to a mixture of wheat and tares (a kind of weed). Another example is in Psalm 1:4 of the Bible, which says: The ungodly are not so: but are like the chaff which the wind driveth away. (KJV)

Utilization

Hungarian engineer László Schremmer has recently discovered that by the use of chaff-based filters it is possible to reduce the arsenic content of water to 3 microgram/litre. This is especially important in areas where the potable water is provided by filtering the water extracted from the underground aquifer.^[8]

References

^ Daniel Jones (2006). Peter Roach, James Hartman, Jane Setter, ed. Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.
^ Potts, D. T. (1996) Mesopotamia Civilization: The Material Foundations Cornell University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8014-3339-8.
^ Nevo, Eviatar & A. B. Korol & A. Beiles & T. Fahima. (2002) Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome.... Springer. p. 8. ISBN 3-540-41750-8.
^ Vaughan, J. G. & P. A. Judd. (2003) The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-19-850459-4.
^ "The Chaff cutter"
^ Cutting chaff by hand: detail of painting by David Teniers the Younger
^ A Victorian chaff cutter
^ Newspaper article (in Hungarian) published by Magyar Nemzet on April 15, 2012.

English Journal

Anionic salts and dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D stimulate calcium availability in steers.

McGrath JJ, Savage DB, Nolan JV, Rodgers NJ, Elliott R.SourceEnvironmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia. jmcgrat6@une.edu.au
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience.Animal.2013 Mar;7(3):404-9. doi: 10.1017/S1751731112001887. Epub 2012 Oct 19.
The influence of feeds containing varying dietary cation-anion differences (DCADs) with and without supplements of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) on urine pH and excretion of macro minerals was determined in fistulated crossbred steers (mean live weight 315 ± 45 kg). A basal forage diet comprising l
PMID 23084000

Bioavailability of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) from wheat straw and chaff in pigs.

Rohweder D, Kersten S, Valenta H, Sondermann S, Schollenberger M, Drochner W, Dänicke S.Sourcea Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Braunschweig , Germany.
Archives of animal nutrition.Arch Anim Nutr.2013 Feb;67(1):37-47. doi: 10.1080/1745039X.2012.755328. Epub 2013 Jan 21.
Fusarium infections do not only affect the grain, but also the rest of the plant, which result in contamination of plants with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). The bioavailability of DON may be influenced by the matrix due to the differences in nutrient composition between grain and straw, partic
PMID 23336299

Paddy-field contamination with 134Cs and 137Cs due to Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident and soil-to-rice transfer coefficients.

Endo S, Kajimoto T, Shizuma K.SourceQuantum Energy Applications, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan. endos@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Journal of environmental radioactivity.J Environ Radioact.2013 Feb;116:59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.08.018. Epub 2012 Oct 24.
The transfer coefficient (TF) from soil to rice plants of (134)Cs and (137)Cs in the form of radioactive deposition from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in March 2011 was investigated in three rice paddy fields in Minami-Soma City. Rice crops were planted in the following
PMID 23103577

Fusarium graminearum infection and deoxynivalenol concentrations during development of wheat spikes.

Cowger C, Arellano C.SourceUSDA-ARS, NCSU Dept. of Plant Pathology, CB 7616, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States, 27695, 919-513-7388, 919-856-4816; Christina.Cowger@ars.usda.gov.
Phytopathology.Phytopathology.2012 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
Fusarium head blight (FHB) affects whole spikes of small grain plants, yet little is known about how FHB develops following infection, nor about the concentration or progression of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in non-grain spike tissues. Fusarium mycotoxin levels in whole small-grain spikes a
PMID 23252971

Japanese Journal

中粗粒グライ土における籾殻牛ふん堆肥の連用が水稲の収量性,成分含量に及ぼす影響

長崎県農林技術開発センター研究報告 = Bulletin of the Nagasaki Agricultural & Forestry Technical Development Center (7), 81-97, 2016-03
NAID 40020885310

籾殻原料活性炭の浄水器用途を考えた水中有機物除去性能

用水と廃水 58(2), 137-145, 2016-02
NAID 40020728531

3-6-4 トウモロコシ穂軸のキャラクタリゼ－ション

日本エネルギー学会大会講演要旨集 25(0), 98-99, 2016
NAID 130005436951

市販キットによるコメの品種識別

分析化学 64(9), 661-667, 2015
NAID 130005102584

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