WordNet

any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/23 00:06:28」(JST)

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Carboxylation in chemistry is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid group is introduced in a substrate. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation.

Carboxylation in organic chemistry

In organic chemistry many different protocols exist for carboxylation. One general approach is by reaction of nucleophiles with dry ice (solid carbon dioxide)^[1] or formic acid^[2]^[3]

Carboxylation in biochemistry

Carboxyglutamic acid

Carboxylation in biochemistry is a posttranslational modification of glutamate residues, to γ-carboxyglutamate, in proteins. It occurs primarily in proteins involved in the blood clotting cascade, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X, protein C, and protein S, and also in some bone proteins. This modification is required for these proteins to function. Carboxylation occurs in the liver and is performed by γ-glutamyl carboxylase.^[4]

The carboxylase requires vitamin K as a cofactor and performs the reaction in a processive manner.^[5] γ-carboxyglutamate binds calcium, which is essential for its activity.^[6] For example, in prothrombin, calcium binding allows the protein to associate with the plasma membrane in platelets, bringing it into close proximity with the proteins that cleave prothrombin to active thrombin after injury.^[7]

References

^ REGIO- AND STEREOSELECTIVE CARBOXYLATION OF ALLYLIC BARIUM REAGENTS: (E)-4,8-DIMETHYL-3,7-NONADIENOIC ACID Akira Yanagisawa, Katsutaka Yasue, and Hisashi Yamamoto1 Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 9, p.317 (1998); Vol. 74, p.178 (1997) link.
^ 1-ADAMANTANECARBOXYLIC ACID H. Koch and W. Haaf Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.20 (1973); Vol. 44, p.1 (1964) Link.
^ 1-METHYLCYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLIC ACID W. Haaf Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.739 (1973); Vol. 46, p.72 (1966).
^ OMIM - gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, contributed by McKusick VA, last updated October 2004 [1]
^ Morris DP, Stevens RD, Wright DJ, Stafford DW (1995). "Processive post-translational modification. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of a peptide substrate". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (51): 30491–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.51.30491. PMID 8530480.
^ Hauschka PV, Lian JB, Gallop PM (1975). "Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate, in mineralized tissue". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 (10): 3925–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.10.3925. PMC 433109. PMID 1060074.
^ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry, 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2002.

UpToDate Contents

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1. ビタミンKおよびその合成ならびにガンマカルボキシグルタミン酸の機能 vitamin k and the synthesis and function of gamma carboxyglutamic acid
2. 水溶性ビタミンの概要 overview of water soluble vitamins
3. 乳児および小児における低血糖症の原因 causes of hypoglycemia in infants and children
4. 遺伝性運動失調の概要 overview of the hereditary ataxias
5. 稀な遺伝性凝固異常 rare inherited coagulation disorders

English Journal

Manganese metabolism in humans.

Chen P1, Bornhorst J2, Aschner M3.
Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition).Front Biosci (Landmark Ed).2018 Mar 1;23:1655-1679.
PMID 29293455

Mesophyll conductance in Zea mays responds transiently to CO2 availability: implications for transpiration efficiency in C4 crops.

Kolbe AR1, Cousins AB1.
The New phytologist.New Phytol.2018 Mar;217(4):1463-1474. doi: 10.1111/nph.14942. Epub 2017 Dec 8.
PMID 29220090

Significance of accumulation of the alarmone (p)ppGpp in chloroplasts for controlling photosynthesis and metabolite balance during nitrogen starvation in Arabidopsis.

Honoki R1, Ono S1, Oikawa A2,3, Saito K3,4, Masuda S5,6.
Photosynthesis research.Photosynth Res.2018 Mar;135(1-3):299-308. doi: 10.1007/s11120-017-0402-y. Epub 2017 May 23.
PMID 28536785

Japanese Journal

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)-mediated de novo synthesis of glycolate-based polyhydroxyalkanoate in Escherichia coli

Matsumoto Ken'ichiro,Saito Juri,Yokoo Toshinori,Hori Chiaki,Nagata Akihiro,Kudoh Yuki,Ooi Toshihiko,Taguchi Seiichi
Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2019-04-01
NAID 210000155375

遺伝マーカーを利用した球磨川産アオノリ種同定の試み

吉永圭介,中島晃,上久保祐志
熊本高等専門学校　研究紀要 = RESEARCH REPORTS OF KUMAMOTO NATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 10(1), 71-74, 2019-01
At the mouth of Kumagawa river in Yatsushiro, green laver has been commercially cultivated as flavouring food. Although Shimantogawa's green laver was most famous in Japan and identified as Ulva proli …
NAID 120006561118

Revisiting the methionine salvage pathway and its paralogues

Sekowska Agnieszka,Ashida Hiroki,Danchin Antoine
Microbial Biotechnology 12(1), 77-97, 2019-01
… The canonical MSP evolved from ancestors that used both predecessors of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) and methanethiol in intermediate steps. …
NAID 120006549196

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「カルボキシラーゼ」「カルボキシ基転移酵素」
拡張検索	「glycine decarboxylase complex H-protein」「multiple carboxylase deficiency」「pyruvate decarboxylase」「tyrosine decarboxylase」「pyruvate carboxylase deficiency disease」