WordNet

a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence (同)byproduct
a product made during the manufacture of something else (同)byproduct, spin-off
a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction; "a product of lime and nitric acid"
a consequence of someones efforts or of a particular set of circumstances; "skill is the product of hours of practice"; "his reaction was the product of hunger and fatigue"
an artifact that has been created by someone or some process; "they improve their product every year"; "they export most of their agricultural production" (同)production
a quantity obtained by multiplication; "the product of 2 and 3 is 6" (同)mathematical product
so as to pass a given point; "every hour a train goes past" (同)past

PrepTutorEJDIC

副産物
『産物』;製品 / (…の)結果,帰結《+『of』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (数の)積 / (化学の)生成物
《場時・位置》…『のそばに』,の近くに;…の手もとに / 《経路・通過》…を経由して,を通って,のそばを通って / 《期限・期間》…『までに』,『の間に』 / 《根拠・理由》…『によって』,に従って,に基づいて / …『を単位として』 / 《差・程度》…だけ / 《手段・方法》…『で』,『によって』,を使って / …が原因で,…の結果 / 《動作を受ける部分を示して》…を,のところを / 《受動態で動作の主体を表して》『…によって』 / …に関しては,については / …に誓って,の名において,にかけて / …ずつ,ごとに,の順番に / 《寸法・乗除》…で;…を / …に対して,のために / 《訪問場所》…に / 『そばに』,近くに / そばを通って / わきへ,取りのけて / 《時の経過》過ぎて

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/19 16:57:43」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A by-product is a secondary product derived from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. It is not the primary product or service being produced. In the context of production, a by-product can be defined as the 'output from a joint production process that is minor in quantity and/or net realizable value (NVR) when compared to the main products'.^[1] Because they are deemed to have no influence on reported financial results, by-products do not receive allocations of joint costs. By-products also by convention are not inventoried, but the NRV from by-products is typically recognized as 'other income' or as a reduction of joint production processing costs when the by-product is produced.^[2] A by-product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste.

IEA offers the following definition for the purpose of life-cycle assessment:^[3]

... main products, co-products (which involve similar revenues to the main product), by-products (which result in smaller revenues), and waste products (which provide little or no revenue).

Major by-products

Animal sources

blood meal – from slaughterhouse operations
poultry by-product meal – clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered poultry, such as necks, feet, undeveloped eggs, and intestines
chrome shavings – from a stage of leather manufacture
collagen and gelatin – from the boiled skin and other parts of slaughtered livestock
feathers – from poultry processing
- feather meal – from poultry processing
fetal pigs
lanolin – from the cleaning of wool
leather - hides and skins from slaughterhouse operations processed via the leathermaking process
manure – from animal husbandry
meat and bone meal – from the rendering of animal bones and offal
poultry litter – swept from the floors of chicken coops
whey – from cheese manufacturing

Vegetation

acidulated soap stock – from the refining of vegetable oil
bagasse – the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice
black liquor from the production of cellulose pulp using the kraft process
bran and germ – from the milling of whole grains into refined grains
brewer's yeast – from ethanol fermentation
cereal food fines – from breakfast cereal processing
corn steep liquor – from corn wet-milling
distillers grains – from ethanol fermentation
glycerol – from the production of biodiesel
grape seed oil – recovered from leftovers of the winemaking process
molasses – from sugar refining
orange oil and other citrus oils – recovered from the peels of processed fruit
pectin – recovered from the remains of processed fruit
sawdust and bark – from the processing of logs into lumber
soybean meal – from soybean processing
stover – residual plant matter after harvesting of cereals
straw – from grain harvesting
tall oil from the production of cellulose pulp using the Kraft process
vinasse – from the fermentation of sugar to ethanol fuel

Minerals and petrochemicals

asphalt – from the refining of crude oil
fly ash – from the combustion of coal
slag – from ore refining
gypsum – from flue-gas desulfurization
helium - from natural gas extraction
ash and smoke – from the combustion of fuel
mineral oil – from refining crude oil to produce gasoline
salt – from desalination
Molybdenum – from copper extraction

Other

sludge – from wastewater treatment
waste heat - from electricity production and usage
carbon dioxide - process of burning

References

^ Wouters, Mark; Selto, Frank H.; Hilton, Ronald W.; Maher, Michael W. (2012): Cost Management: Strategies for Business Decisions, International Edition, McGraw-Hill, p. 535.
^ World Trade Organization (2004): United States - Final dumping determination on softwood lumber from Canada, WT/DS264/AB/R, 11 August 2004.
^ BIOMITRE Technical Manual, Horne, R. E. and Matthews, R., November 2004

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