WordNet

a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence (同)byproduct
a product made during the manufacture of something else (同)byproduct, spin-off

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副産物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/25 00:03:06」(JST)

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A by-product is a secondary product derived from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. It is not the primary product or service being produced. In the context of production, a by-product can be defined as the 'output from a joint production process that is minor in quantity and/or net realizable value (NVR) when compared to the main products'.^[1] Because they are deemed to have no influence on reported financial results, by-products do not receive allocations of joint costs. By-products also by convention are not inventoried, but the NRV from by-products is typically recognized as 'other income' or as a reduction of joint production processing costs when the by-product is produced.^[2] A by-product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste.

IEA offers the following definition for the purpose of life-cycle assessment:^[3]

... main products, co-products (which involve similar revenues to the main product), by-products (which result in smaller revenues), and waste products (which provide little or no revenue).

Major by-products

Animal sources

blood meal – from slaughterhouse operations
poultry by-product meal – clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered poultry, such as necks, feet, undeveloped eggs, and intestines
chrome shavings – from a stage of leather manufacture
collagen and gelatin – from the boiled skin and other parts of slaughtered livestock
feathers – from poultry processing
- feather meal – from poultry processing
fetal pigs
lanolin – from the cleaning of wool
leather - hides and skins from slaughterhouse operations processed via the leathermaking process
manure – from animal husbandry
meat and bone meal – from the rendering of animal bones and offal
poultry litter – swept from the floors of chicken coops
whey – from cheese manufacturing

Vegetation

acidulated soap stock – from the refining of vegetable oil
bagasse – the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice
black liquor from the production of cellulose pulp using the kraft process
bran and germ – from the milling of whole grains into refined grains
brewer's yeast – from ethanol fermentation
cereal food fines – from breakfast cereal processing
corn steep liquor – from corn wet-milling
distillers grains – from ethanol fermentation
glycerol – from the production of biodiesel
grape seed oil – recovered from leftovers of the winemaking process
molasses – from sugar refining
orange oil and other citrus oils – recovered from the peels of processed fruit
pectin – recovered from the remains of processed fruit
sawdust and bark – from the processing of logs into lumber
soybean meal – from soybean processing
stover – residual plant matter after harvesting of cereals
straw – from grain harvesting
tall oil from the production of cellulose pulp using the Kraft process
vinasse – from the fermentation of sugar to ethanol fuel

Minerals and petrochemicals

asphalt – from the refining of crude oil
fly ash – from the combustion of coal
slag – from ore refining
gypsum – from flue-gas desulfurization
helium - from natural gas extraction
ash and smoke – from the combustion of fuel
mineral oil – from refining crude oil to produce gasoline
salt – from desalination
Molybdenum – from copper extraction

Other

sludge – from wastewater treatment
waste heat - from electricity production and usage
carbon dioxide - process of burning

References

^ Wouters, Mark; Selto, Frank H.; Hilton, Ronald W.; Maher, Michael W. (2012): Cost Management: Strategies for Business Decisions, International Edition, McGraw-Hill, p. 535.
^ World Trade Organization (2004): United States - Final dumping determination on softwood lumber from Canada, WT/DS264/AB/R, 11 August 2004.
^ BIOMITRE Technical Manual, Horne, R. E. and Matthews, R., November 2004

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English Journal

Water-soluble extracts from defatted sesame seed flour show antioxidant activity in vitro.

Ben Othman S1, Katsuno N2, Kanamaru Y1, Yabe T3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 May 15;175:306-14. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.155. Epub 2014 Dec 4.
Defatted white and gold sesame seed flour, recovered as a byproduct after sesame oil extraction, was extracted with 70% ethanol to obtain polar-soluble crude extracts. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbing
PMID 25577085

Self-enhancement of GABA in rice bran using various stress treatments.

Kim HS1, Lee EJ2, Lim ST3, Han JA4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Apr 1;172:657-62. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.107. Epub 2014 Sep 28.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may be synthesized in plant tissues when the organism is under stressful conditions. Rice bran byproduct obtained from the milling of brown rice was treated under anaerobic storage with nitrogen at different temperatures (20-60°C) and moisture contents (10-50%) up to
PMID 25442603

Decontamination of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine waste water by hydrodynamic cavitation-induced advanced Fenton process.

Torabi Angaji M1, Ghiaee R2.
Ultrasonics sonochemistry.Ultrason Sonochem.2015 Mar;23:257-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.09.007. Epub 2014 Sep 20.
A pilot scale hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) reactor, using iron metal blades, as the heterogeneous catalyst, with no external source of H2O2 was developed for catalytic decontamination of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) waste water. In situ generation of Fenton reagents suggested an induced ad
PMID 25262345

Japanese Journal

UHPLC/TOF-MSを用いたN-ニトロソジメチルアミンの前駆物質の同定と水処理プロセスにおける生成抑制法の検討

岩本卓治
保健医療科学 64(2), 125-126, 2015-04
… Objective: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), which is a probable human carcinogen, is known as a disinfection byproduct during ozonation and chloramination. …
NAID 110009917324

清酒製造工程で副生する米ヌカを活用したポリ乳酸原料用乳酸の生産

尾形(斎藤) 美貴
日本醸造協会誌 110(3), 126-131, 2015-03
NAID 40020396010

Suppression of byproduct generation at 4H-SiC/SiO

Hirai Hirohisa,Kita Koji
Appl. Phys. Express 8(2), 021401, 2015-01-15
… An oxidation-induced byproduct at the 4H-SiC/SiO<inf>2</inf>interface was detected by infrared spectroscopy as a peak in the range of 2100–2150 cm<sup>−1</sup>. … The oxidation condition dependence of the peak intensity revealed that the generation of the byproduct is significantly affected by both the oxidant and the oxidation temperature. …
NAID 150000110116