同: 短頭蓋

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the quality of being brachycephalic (同)brachycephalism

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/21 10:13:36」(JST)

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Brachycephaly (from Greek roots meaning "short" and "head")^[1] is the shape of a skull shorter than typical for its species. It is perceived as a desirable trait in some domesticated dog and cat breeds, such as Pugs, and can be normal or abnormal in other animal species. In humans, the cephalic disorder is known as flat head syndrome, and results from premature fusion of the coronal sutures (see craniosynostosis) or from external deformation (see plagiocephaly). The coronal suture is the fibrous joint that unites the frontal bone with the two parietal bones of the skull. The parietal bones form the top and sides of the skull. This feature can be seen in Down syndrome.

In anthropology, human populations have been characterized as either dolichocephalic (long headed), mesaticephalic (moderate headed), or brachycephalic (short headed). The usefulness of the cephalic index was questioned by Giuseppe Sergi, who argued that cranial morphology provided a better means to model racial ancestry.^[2]

The incidence of brachycephaly in people has increased dramatically since the advent of sudden infant death syndrome recommendations for parents to keep their babies on their backs.^[3] It is considered a cosmetic problem.^[4]^[5] Many pediatricians remain unaware of the issue and possible treatments. Treatments include regular prone repositioning of babies ("tummy time").

There are also cases of brachycephaly associated with plagiocephaly, this deformity occurs when there is a combination of brachycephaly and plagiocephaly present. Brachycephaly with plagiocephaly is positional and has become more prevalent since the "Back to Sleep" Campaign.The Back to Sleep campaign began in 1994 as a way to educate parents, caregivers, and health care providers about ways to reduce the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The campaign was named for its recommendation to place healthy babies on their backs to sleep. Placing babies on their backs to sleep reduces the risk for SIDS, also known as "cot death" or "crib death." This campaign has been successful in promoting infant back sleeping and other risk-reduction strategies to parents, family members, child care providers, health professionals, and all other caregivers of infants, at a cost of increasing the incidence of this deformation of the head.

Brachycephaly also describes a developmentally normal type of skull with a high cephalic index, such as in snub-nosed breeds of dog such pugs and bulldogs or cats such as the Persian, Exotic and Himalayan.

Treatment

Brachycephaly can be corrected with a cranial remolding orthoses (helmet) which provide painless total contact over the prominent areas of the skull and leave voids over the flattened areas to provide a pathway for more symmetrical skull growth. Treatment generally takes 3–4 months, but varies depending on the infant's age and severity of the cranial asymmetry.

However studies by scientists in the Netherlands have found there was no significant difference over time between infants treated with helmets and infants left untreated. All parents of infants treated with helmets confirmed negative side effects including skin irritation and sweating.^[6]^[7] This study focused only on patients with mild to moderate cases, the participation rate was only 21%, and there was a 73% reporting of fitting issues,^[8] calling into question the validity of the study. Incorrectly fit devices cannot be expected to yield results. Additionally, independent published research that examined the effectiveness of helmet therapy conclude that as many as 95% of patients demonstrate an improvement in head shape symmetry following helmet therapy, and the American Orthotics and Prosthetics Association (AOPA) has serious concerns about the relevance and validity of this study.^[9]

External links

1295319074 at GPnotebook
NINDS Overview

References

^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brachycephalic". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ K. Killgrove (2005). "Bioarchaeology in the Roman World". M.A. Thesis, UNC Chapel Hill. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011.
^ John Persing; et al. (1 July 2003). "Prevention and Management of Positional Skull Deformities in Infants". Pediatrics 112 (1): 199–202. doi:10.1542/peds.112.1.199. PMID 12837890.
^ "Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly (flat head syndrome)". NHS. 13 February 2012.
^ Matthew L. Speltz; et al. (15 February 2010). "Case-Control Study of Neurodevelopment in Deformational Plagiocephaly". Pediatrics 125: e537–e542. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0052. Although DP is considered a purely cosmetic problem by many practitioners, several studies have challenged this view.
^ BBC News. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
^ British Medical Journal. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
^ British Medical Journal. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
^ AOPA Response to British Medical Journal Study

UpToDate Contents

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1. 頭蓋骨縫合早期癒合症の概要overview of craniosynostosis [show details]
…Apert syndromes. Brachycephaly results from bilateral coronal synostosis. The cranium is shortened in length and increased in both width and height. Mild, transient brachycephaly can also occur as a …
2. 頭蓋骨縫合早期癒合症候群craniosynostosis syndromes [show details]
…craniosynostosis, patients may require additional correction of cranial dysmorphism, such as brachycephaly, orbital dystopia, or midface hypoplasia, before entering school. The timing of this corrective …
3. 乳児や小児への精密な神経学的評価detailed neurologic assessment of infants and children [show details]
…side to side flattening (dolichocephaly). Premature closure of the coronal suture may lead to brachycephaly, with shortening of the skull in the antero-posterior plane. Plagiocephaly or asymmetric flattening…
4. ダウン症：臨床的特徴および診断down syndrome clinical features and diagnosis [show details]
…management are discussed separately. Upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, and brachycephaly are nearly universal features of DS. The other characteristic dysmorphic features of DS are each …
5. 先天性筋性斜頚：臨床的特徴および診断congenital muscular torticollis clinical features and diagnosis [show details]
…involvement of the SCM is rare . The diagnosis is challenging because the head tilt is absent, but brachycephaly (bilateral flattening of the occiput with shortening of the head in the anterior-posterior diameter)…

English Journal

Identification and analysis of the genetic causes in nine unrelated probands with syndromic craniosynostosis.

Xu Y1, Sun S2, Li N1, Yu T1, Wang X3, Wang J4, Bao N5.
Gene.Gene.2018 Jan 30;641:144-150. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.041. Epub 2017 Oct 14.
PMID 29037998

Human RecQL4 helicase plays multifaceted roles in the genomic stability of normal and cancer cells.

Mo D1, Zhao Y1, Balajee AS2.
Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2018 Jan 28;413:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.021. Epub 2017 Nov 7.
PMID 29080750

Head shape at age 36 months among children with and without a history of positional skull deformation.

Collett BR1,2, Leroux BG3,4, Wallace ER2, Gallagher E5, Shao J4, Speltz ML1,2.
Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics.J Neurosurg Pediatr.2018 Jan 5:1-10. doi: 10.3171/2017.7.PEDS16693. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 29303454

Japanese Journal

Brachycephaly 短頭症 Oxycephaly 小頭症 (特集 Craniosynostosis・先天性頭蓋顔面骨異常の治療) -- (非症候群性頭蓋縫合早期癒合症)

菅原康志
ペパーズ (55), 8-14, 2011-07
NAID 40018927204

羊膜索症候群による両側 Tessier No. 3 顔面裂の治療経験

南村愛,櫻井淳,黒澤紀子,長谷川宏美
日本頭蓋顎顔面外科学会誌 = Journal of the Japan Society of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 26(4), 350-356, 2010-12-25
NAID 10027725220

非特異的な頭蓋形態を示したSagittal synostosisの治療例

加藤敏次,佐藤兼重,保阪善昭
昭和医学会雑誌 69(6), 506-511, 2009
今回，われわれは特異型鞍馬変形と短頭様の形態を呈したSagittal synostosisの症例を経験した．本来，Sagittal synostosisは長頭変形や舟状頭蓋を呈することが多く，稀に鞍馬状変形を呈することが知られている．縫合の前方のみ，後方のみ，あるいは全体に及んでいるかによって頭蓋の形状が異なる事は分かっているがその詳細はほとんど分かっていない．Albrigt and Byrdは1 …
NAID 130000852873

Related Pictures

Brachycephaly | Mom of One—and Done! Brachycephaly: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – Hoool.com MEDICAL IMAGES: Brachycephaly What is Brachycephaly and How is it Treated? Plagiocephaly (Flat Head Syndrome) & Reposition Therapy | Morningside Chiropractic Before & After Plagiocephaly Treatment Result Images - Cranial Technologies Skull Growth Patterns - Paeds.co.uk the online paediatrician's encyclopaedia

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「頭蓋骨縫合早期癒合症」「短頭」「短頭蓋」「短頭症」

「頭蓋骨縫合早期癒合症」

Brachycephaly
Classification and external resources
ICD-9-CM	756.0
DiseasesDB	29893
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　　[★]

英: craniosynostosis
同: 頭蓋縫合早期癒合症、頭蓋骨癒合症、頭蓋縫合早期骨化症 premature craniosynostosis、頭蓋狭窄症狭頭症 craniostenosis、頭蓋骨早期癒合症、頭蓋早期癒合症

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