WordNet

invest with or as with a body; give body to (同)personify
the external structure of a vehicle; "the body of the car was badly rusted"
the main mass of a thing
a natural object consisting of a dead animal or person; "they found the body in the lake" (同)dead body
the entire structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being); "he felt as if his whole body were on fire" (同)organic structure, physical structure
a collection of particulars considered as a system; "a body of law"; "a body of doctrine"; "a body of precedents"
a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity; "the whole body filed out of the auditorium"; "the student body"; "administrative body"
an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects; "heavenly body"
the central message of a communication; "the body of the message was short"
social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power; "office politics is often counterproductive" (同)political relation
the activities and affairs involved in managing a state or a government; "unemployment dominated the politics of the inter-war years"; "government agencies multiplied beyond the control of representative politics"
the profession devoted to governing and to political affairs
the study of government of states and other political units (同)political_science, government
the opinion you hold with respect to political questions (同)political sympathies
marked by artful prudence, expedience, and shrewdness; "it is neither polite nor politic to get into other peoples quarrels"; "a politic decision"; "a politic manager"; "a politic old scoundrel"; "a shrewd and politic reply"
smoothly agreeable and courteous with a degree of sophistication; "he was too politic to quarrel with so important a personage"; "the manager pacified the customer with a smooth apology for the error" (同)smooth, suave, bland

PrepTutorEJDIC

統治体,国家
〈C〉『身体』,肉体 / 〈C〉(人・動物の)『胴体』 / 〈C〉)物の)『主要部』,本体《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『団体』,群れ:(…のたくさんの)集まり《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉物体,…体 / 〈U〉実質;(酒・味などの)こく / 〈C〉《話》人
《単数扱い》『政治』;『政治学』 / 《単数・複数扱い》政治活動,政治問題 / 《単数・複数扱い》政治的手段,政略;(一般に)術策 / 《複数扱い》(個人の)政治的信条
(態度・行動などが)賢明な / (人が)策をろうする
《英話》人;(特に)男

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/30 23:11:31」(JST)

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The cover of Hobbes' Leviathan famously portrays the metaphor by showing a body formed of a multitude of citizens which is surmounted by a King's head.^[1]

A body politic is a metaphor in which a nation is considered to be a corporate entity,^[2] being likened to a human body. The word "politic" in this phrase is a postpositive adjective; so it is "a body of a politic nature" rather than "a politic of a bodily nature". A body politic comprises all the people in a particular country considered as a single group. The analogy is typically continued by reference to the top of government as the head of state,^[3] but may be extended to other anatomical parts, as in political readings of the Aesop's fable, "The Belly and the Members". The metaphor appears in the French language as the corps-état.^[4] The metaphor developed in Renaissance times, as the medical knowledge based upon the classical work of Galen was being challenged by new thinkers such as William Harvey. Analogies were made between the supposed causes of disease and disorder and their equivalents in the political field which were considered to be plagues or infections which might be remedied by purges and nostrums.^[5]

Literal manifestation

In one use "body politic" derives from the mediæval political concept of the King's two bodies first noted, as a point of theology as much as statehood, by the fifteenth-century judge Sir John Fortescue in The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy, written from exile in about 1462. He explains that the character angelus of the king is his royal power, derived from angels and separate from the frail physical powers of his body. However, he uses the phrase body politic itself only in its modern sense, to describe the realm, or shared rule, of Brutus, mythical first king of England, and how he and his fellow exiles had covenanted to form a body politic. Unusually for the time Fortescue was writing in English and not Latin: "made a body pollitike callid a reawme".^[2] In 1550 the jurist Edmund Plowden merged Fortescue's concepts, at the same time removing them from abstraction into a real, physical manifestation in the body of the king. Plowden reports how lawyers codified this notion in an examination of a case of land-ownership turning on a disputed gift by an earlier monarch; they determined that the "Body politic…that cannot be seen or handled…[is] constituted for the direction of the People…[and] these two bodies are incorporated in one person…the Body politic includes the [king's] Body natural."^[6] In 1609 Attorney General Edward Coke pronounced his dissenting opinion, that mortal power was God-made while the immortality of royal power existed only as a man-made concept; Coke later succeeded in limiting the royal power of Charles I with his Petition of Right. When the monarchy, in the person of Charles II, was restored at the end of the Commonwealth the idea remained current and royalty continued to use the notion, as a buttress to its authority, until an assertion of the rights of Parliament brought about the Glorious Revolution of 1688.^[7]^[8]

The pre-revolutionary monarchy of France also sought legitimacy from the principle, extending it to include the idea that the king's heir assimilated the "body politic" of the old king, in a physical "transfer of corporeality", on accession.^[9]

References

^ Kenneth Olwig (2002), Landscape, nature, and the body politic, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 87, ISBN 978-0-299-17424-8, The frontispiece to Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan ... is a particularly famous example of the depiction of the body politic ...
^ ^a ^b "body politic", [[Oxford English Dictionary]], A nation regarded as a corporate entity Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
^ A. D. Harvey (2007), Body politic: political metaphor and political violence, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84718-272-2
^ de Baecque, Antoine (1997). The Body Politic: Corporeal Metaphor in Revolutionary France, 1770-1800. Trans. Charlotte Mandell. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-8047-2817-1.
^ Jonathan Harris (1998), Foreign bodies and the body politic: discourses of social pathology in early modern England, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-59405-9
^ Kantorowicz, Ernst H (1957). The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0691071209.
^ Kantorowicz (1957: 423)
^ Olwig (2002: 102)
^ de Baecque (1997: 100–102}

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人の身体組成測定 determining body composition in adults
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English Journal

Alfred Pischinger (1899-1983): An Austrian career in anatomy continuing through National Socialism to postwar leadership.

Hildebrandt S1, Czarnowski G2.
Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft.Ann Anat.2017 Feb 17. pii: S0940-9602(17)30024-9. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.02.001. [Epub ahead of print]
Despite intensified research efforts on the history of anatomy during National Socialism (NS), many aspects of this story still need further investigation. This study explores the life, work and politics of Alfred Pischinger, Chairman of the Institute for Embryology and Histology in Graz from 1936 t
PMID 28219632

Association between low lean mass and low bone mineral density in 653 women with hip fracture: does the definition of low lean mass matter?

Di Monaco M1,2, Castiglioni C3,4, Di Monaco R3,4, Tappero R3,4.
Aging clinical and experimental research.Aging Clin Exp Res.2017 Feb 3. doi: 10.1007/s40520-017-0724-9. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Loss of both muscle and bone mass results in fragility fractures with increased risk of disability, poor quality of life, and death. Our aim was to assess the association between low appendicular lean mass (aLM) defined according to different criteria and low bone mineral densit
PMID 28160254

Creative Defiance.

Maviyane-Davies C1.
New solutions : a journal of environmental and occupational health policy : NS.New Solut.2017 Feb;26(4):630-633. doi: 10.1177/1048291116678996. Epub 2016 Nov 22.
Throughout his work, Chaz Maviyane-Davies has used images and ideas to cut through complacency and apathy while trying to raise social consciousness. The issues addressed in his work have included social discrimination, human rights, health, and the environment. Creating an expressive alternate visi
PMID 27872400