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having narrow flat sickle-shaped submerged fronds; North America (同)bogmat, Wolffiella gladiata
minute two-winged mosquito-like fly lacking biting mouthparts; appear in dancing swarms especially near water

PrepTutorEJDIC

(体の各部分の釣り合いはとれているが全体が)極端に小さい人,ちび / 超小型のもの / 非常に小さい
蚊,(特に小さい)ブヨ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/02/22 03:10:54」(JST)

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Singer's Midgets toured the US from 1910 to 1935 and were "enormously successful".^[1]

Midget (from midge, a sand fly^[2]) is a term for a person of unusually short stature that is considered by some to be pejorative.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] While not a medical term, it has been applied to persons of unusually short stature, often with the medical condition dwarfism,^[7] particularly proportionate dwarfism.^[8]^[9]

It may also refer to anything of much smaller than normal size, as a synonym for "miniature",^[10] such as a midget cell, a midget crabapple, MG's Midget, Daihatsu's Midget, and the Midget Mustang airplane; or to anything that regularly uses anything that is smaller than normal (other than a person), such as midget car racing and quarter midget racing; or a smaller version of play or participation, such as midget golf; or to anything designed for very young (i.e., small) participants—in many cases children—such as Disneyland's Midget Autopia, Midget hockey, and Midget football.^[11]

History

Charles Sherwood Stratton as "General Tom Thumb", circa 1861

Merriam-Webster dictionary states that the first use of the term "midget" was in 1816.^[8]

Midgets have always been popular entertainers, but were often regarded with disgust and revulsion in society. In the early 19th century, however, midgets were romanticized by the middle class and regarded with the same affectionate condescension extended to children, as creatures of innocence.^[12] The term "midget" came into prominence in the mid-19th century after Harriet Beecher Stowe used it in her novels Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands and Old Town Folks where she described children and an extremely short man, respectively.^[13] P. T. Barnum indirectly helped popularize the term "midget" when he began featuring General Tom Thumb, Lavinia Warren and Commodore Nutt in his circus.^[14] "Midget" became linked to referencing short people put on public display for curiosity and sport.^[13] Barnum's midgets, however, were elevated to a position of high society, given fantasy military titles, introduced to dignitaries and royalty, and showered with gifts.^[15]^[16]

Such performances continued to be widespread through the mid part of the twentieth century, with Hermines Midgets brought from their performances in Paris to appear at the 1939 New York World's Fair,^[17] the same year that MGM released The Wizard of Oz, which featured 124 midgets in its cast, most of whom were from the Singer's Midgets troupe.^[18]^[19]

When interviewed for a 1999 piece, performers engaged in ongoing "Midget Wrestling" events stated that they did not view the term "Midget Wrestling" as derogatory, but merely descriptive of their small size; however, others responding to the piece disagreed, with one stating that the performances themselves perpetuated an outdated and demeaning image.^[20]

Towards the end of the twentieth century, the word became considered by some as a pejorative term when in reference to people with dwarfism.^[21]^[7]^[13]^[22] One notable exception, though, was accomplished actor Hervé Villechaize who preferred the term "midget".^[23]

References

^ Adelson, Betty M. (2005). The Lives Of Dwarfs: Their Journey From Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation. Rutgers University Press. pp. 295–. ISBN 9780813535487. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ Harper, Douglas. "midget". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
^ Miller, P. S. (1987). "Coming up short: Employment discrimination against little people". Harv. CR-CLL Rev.
^ Adelson 2005, p. ??.
^ Gentry, Ruben; Wiggins, Ruby (15–16 November 2010). Individuals with Disabilities Are People, First--Intervene and They Will Learn. College of Education and Human Development Urban Education Conference. Jackson, Mississippi.
^ "midget". Webster's II New Collegiate Dictionary (2nd expanded ed.). Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1999. p. 693. ISBN 0395962145. 1. An extremely small person who is otherwise normally proportioned.
^ ^a ^b Shapiro, Arthur H. (2000-09-01). Everybody Belongs: Changing Negative Attitudes Toward Classmates With Disabilities. Psychology Press. pp. 284–. ISBN 9780815339601. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ ^a ^b Merriam-Webster Dictionary Entry for midget: sometimes offensive: a very small person; specifically: a person of unusually small size who is physically well-proportioned.
^ Kennedy, Dan (2005-05-23). "What is Dwarfism?". American Documentary. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
^ The World Book Dictionary. WorldBook.com. 2003. pp. 1315–. ISBN 9780716602996.
^ Driver, Bruce; Wharton, Clare (2004-10-20). The Baffled Parent's Guide to Coaching Youth Hockey. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 15–. ISBN 9780071430111. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
^ Ashby, LeRoy (12 May 2006). "With Amusement for All: a history of American popular culture since 1830". Lexington: University of Kentucky Press. ISBN 9780813123974. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kennedy, Dan. "P.O.V. - Big Enough. What is Dwarfism?". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^ Thomson, Rosemarie Garland (1996). Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. NYU Press. pp. 191–. ISBN 9780814782224. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ Charles Sherwood Stratton (AKA General Tom Thumb) and His Circle, Jack & Beverly's Images of Special Subjects, December 2005.
^ Exhibit: "Sketch Of The Life, Personal Appearance, Character And Manners Of Charles S. Stratton, The Man In Miniature, Known As General Tom Thumb, And His Wife, Lavinia Warren Stratton; Including The History Of Their Courtship And Marriage, With Some Account Of Remarkable Dwarfs, Giants, & Other Human Phenomena, Of Ancient And Modern Times, And Songs Given At Their Public Levees" 1863 pamphlet, Press of Wynkoop & Hallenbeck, New York (Robert Bogdan Collection), The Disability History Museum.
^ Cullen, Frank (2004). Vaudeville Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America. Psychology Press. pp. 507–. ISBN 9780415938532. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ Harmetz, Aljean (2013). The Making of the Wizard of Oz (75th Anniversary Updated ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 193. ISBN 1613748329.
^ GoogleBooks Image for The Making of the Wizard of Oz Page 193
^ Adelson 2005, p. 295.
^ Adelson 2005, p. 6.
^ Ross, Susan Dente; Lester, Paul Martin (2011-04-19). Images That Injure: Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media. ABC-CLIO. pp. 285–. ISBN 9780313378928. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
^ "Victor & Billy". News From Me. Mark Evanier; originally published in Comics Buyer's Guide. 2001-01-19.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における精神状態検査 the mental status examination in adults

English Journal

Characterization of small-field bistratified amacrine cells in macaque retina labeled by antibodies against synaptotagmin-2.

Neumann S, Haverkamp S.SourceMax Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60528 Frankfurt a.M., Germany.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2013 Feb 15;521(3):709-24. doi: 10.1002/cne.23201.
Macaque retinae were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies directed against the protein synaptotagmin-2 (Syt2). Syt2 was localized in a population of small-field amacrine cells, whose cell bodies formed a regular mosaic within the inner nuclear layer, indicating they represent a single amacrine c
PMID 22821706

Comparative mapping in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai].

Sandlin K, Prothro J, Heesacker A, Khalilian N, Okashah R, Xiang W, Bachlava E, Caldwell DG, Taylor CA, Seymour DK, White V, Chan E, Tolla G, White C, Safran D, Graham E, Knapp S, McGregor C.SourceInstitute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik.Theor Appl Genet.2012 Dec;125(8):1603-18. doi: 10.1007/s00122-012-1938-z. Epub 2012 Aug 9.
The first single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps for watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai] were constructed and compared. Three populations were developed from crosses between two elite cultivars, Klondike Black Seeded × New Hampshire Midget (KBS × NHM), an elite cultivar and
PMID 22875176

The Role of Psychosocial Risk Factors for Injury in Elite Youth Ice Hockey.

McKay C, Campbell T, Meeuwisse W, Emery C.Source*Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada †Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ‡Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada §Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine.Clin J Sport Med.2012 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE:: To determine the risk of injury associated with athletic identity, attitudes toward body checking, competitive state anxiety, and reinjury fear in elite youth ice hockey. Also, to determine if there is an elevated risk of subsequent injury associated with return to play before medical cl
PMID 23011553

Japanese Journal

Development of a New Technique Using Glass Beads for Dry Dispersion of Airborne Fungal Spores

SHIMASAKI NORIKO,OKAUE AKIRA,KIKUNO RITSUKO,OKUDA SHUNJI,ABE KEIKO
Biocontrol Science 20(1), 53-58, 2015
… Glass beads and a fungal sheet containing spores of Wallemia sebi were set in a midget impinger, which was connected to a compressor and a compact test chamber (1 m3). …
NAID 130005061975

可視光を用いた映像信号の水中光伝送のための基礎実験(学生・若手発表および一般)

扇田恵梨菜,宮前圭輔,小暮健太 [他],小島弘輝,和合恭弘,前田幹夫
映像情報メディア学会技術報告 38(8), 1-4, 2014-02-13
深海の潜水艇からTV生中継を実現するための映像の光伝送システムを提案する。潜水艇の近くに中継装置を置き、潜水艇で撮影した映像を可視光で中継装置に送り、洋上の船まで光ファイバでさらに伝送する。本システムでは出射ビームが常に中継装置を捉えられるように光ビームのずれを検出する手法が重要である。そこで中継装置を球形とし、表面の再帰性反射材で反射した光を潜水艇側の複数の受光器で受光し、その強度を比較すること …
NAID 110009807506

争の遺物とその移動がもたらしたもの : 日本軍特殊潜航艇シドニー湾攻撃のその後

田村恵子
人文学報 (102), 23-49, 2012
戦争での兵士の死は一般人の死とは違った形で扱われ,さらに戦死者にまつわる「モノ」も,通常の死を迎えた者たちが残していったいわゆる「形見」とは違う扱いや意味づけがなされる場合が多い。戦死者が残していったモノは,「遺品」や「遺物」と呼ばれ,肉体が存在していた証拠の骨や灰も遺物に含まれる。本稿では太平洋戦争中の1942年にオーストラリアのシドニー湾を攻撃した日本軍特殊潜航艇にまつわる3点の日本軍人の遺物 …
NAID 40019320833

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