節足動物媒介ウイルス、アルボウイルス

関: arboviral、arbovirus

WordNet

a large heterogeneous group of RNA viruses divisible into groups on the basis of the virions; they have been recovered from arthropods, bats, and rodents; most are borne by arthropods; they are linked by the epidemiologic concept of transmission between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, midges, etc.) that feed on blood; they can cause mild fevers, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, and encephalitis (同)arborvirus
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
brought into existence; "he was a child born of adultery"
invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin

PrepTutorEJDIC

ビールス,ろ過性病原体
bear〈他〉1の過去分詞(受動態にのみ用いる) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『生まれながらの』,先天的な(innate) / 『生まれた』;生じた
bearの過去分詞
節足動物(トンボ・ノミ・クモ・カニ・エビなど)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/14 13:17:55」(JST)

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Arbovirus is a term used to refer to any viruses that is transmitted by arthropod vectors. The word arbovirus is an acronym (ARthropod-BOrne virus).^[1] The word tibovirus (TIck-BOrne virus) is sometimes used to more specifically describe viruses transmitted by ticks, a superorder within the arthropods.^[2] Arboviruses can affect both animals, including humans, and plants. In humans, symptoms of arbovirus infection generally occur 3–15 days after exposure to the virus and last 3 or 4 days. The most common clinical features of infection are fever, headache, and malaise, but encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever may also occur.^[3]

History

Year	Event
1800s	Dengue fever epidemics occur globally
1898-1914	First large scale effort to prevent arbovirus infection takes place in Florida, Havana and the Panama Canal Zone
1901	First arbovirus, the yellow fever virus, is discovered
1906	Dengue fever transmission is discovered
1936	Tick-borne encephalitis virus is discovered
1937	Yellow fever vaccine is invented
1937	West Nile virus is discovered
1950s	Japanese encephalitis vaccines are invented
1980s	Insecticide treated mosquito nets are developed
1999	West Nile virus reaches the Western Hemisphere
Late 1900s	Dengue fever spreads globally

Arboviruses were not known to exist until the rise of modern medicine, with the germ theory and an understanding that viruses were distinct from other microorganisms. The connection between arthropods and disease was not postulated until 1881 when Cuban doctor and scientist Carlos Finlay proposed that yellow fever may be transmitted by mosquitoes instead of human contact,^[4] a reality that was verified by Major Walter Reed in 1901.^[5] The primary vector, Aedes aegypti, had spread globally from the 15th to the 19th centuries as a result of globalization and the slave trade.^[6] This geographic spreading caused dengue fever epidemics throughout the 18th and 19th centuries,^[7] and later, in 1906, transmission by the Aedes mosquitoes was confirmed, making yellow fever and dengue fever the first two diseases known to be caused by viruses.^[8] Thomas Milton Rivers published the first clear description of a virus as distinct from a bacterium in 1927.^[9]^[10] The discovery of the West Nile virus came in 1937,^[11] and has since been found in Culex populations^[12] causing epidemics throughout Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. In 1999, the virus was introduced into the Western Hemisphere, sparking a series of epidemics.^[13] During the latter half of the 20th century, Dengue fever reemerged as a global disease, with the virus spreading geographically due to urbanization, population growth, increased international travel, and global warming,^[14] and continues to cause at least 50 million infections per year, making Dengue fever the most common and clinically important arboviral disease.^[15]^[16]

Yellow fever, alongside malaria, was a major obstacle in the construction of the Panama Canal. French supervision of the project in the 1880s was unsuccessful because of these diseases, forcing the abandonment of the project in 1889.^[17] During the American effort to construct the canal in the early 1900s, William C. Gorgas, the Chief Sanitary Officer of Havana, was tasked with overseeing the health of the workers. He had past success in eradicating the disease in Florida and Havana by reducing mosquito populations through draining nearby pools of water, cutting grass, applying oil to the edges of ponds and swamps to kill larvae, and capturing adult mosquitoes that remained indoors during the daytime.^[18] Joseph Augustin LePrince, the Chief Sanitary Inspector of the Canal Zone, invented the first commercial larvicide, a mixture of carbolic acid, resin, and caustic soda, to be used throughout the Canal Zone.^[19] The combined implementation of these sanitation measures led to a dramatic decline in the number of workers dying and the eventual eradication of Yellow fever in the Canal Zone as well as the containment of malaria during the 10-year construction period. Because of the success of these methods at preventing disease, they were adopted and improved upon in other regions of the world.^[17]^[20]

Transmission

Many female mosquitoes, like those of Aedes albopictus, require a vertebrate blood meal in order for their eggs to develop.^[21]

Arboviruses maintain themselves in nature by going through a cycle between a host, an organism that carries the virus, and a vector, an organism that carries and transmits the virus to other organisms.^[22] For arboviruses, vectors are commonly mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies^[23] and other arthropods that consume the blood of vertebrates for nutritious or developmental purposes.^[24] Vertebrates which have their blood consumed act as the hosts, with each vector generally having an affinity for the blood of specific species, making those species the hosts.^[25]

Transmission between the vector and the host occurs when the vector feeds on the blood of the vertebrate, wherein the virus that has established an infection in the salivary glands of the vector comes into contact with the host's blood.^[26]^[27] While the virus is inside the host, it undergoes a process called amplification, where the virus replicates at sufficient levels to induce viremia, a condition in which there are large numbers of viruses present in the blood.^[28] The abundance of viruses in the host's blood allows the host to transmit the virus to other organisms if its blood is consumed by them. When uninfected vectors become infected from feeding, they are then capable of transmitting the virus to uninfected hosts, resuming amplification of virus populations. If viremia is not achieved in a vertebrate, the species can be called a "dead-end host", as the virus cannot be transmitted back to the vector.^[29]

A flowchart showing the West Nile virus transmission cycle.

An example of this vector-host relationship can be observed in the transmission of the West Nile virus. Female mosquitoes of the genus Culex prefer to consume the blood of passerine birds, making them the hosts of the virus.^[30] When these birds are infected, the virus amplifies, potentially infecting multiple mosquitoes that feed on its blood.^[28] These infected mosquitoes may go on to further transmit the virus to more birds. If the mosquito is unable to find its preferred food source, it will choose another. Human blood is sometimes consumed, but since the West Nile virus does not replicate that well in mammals, humans are considered a dead-end host.^[29]^[31]

In humans

Person-to-person transmission of arboviruses is not common, but can occur. Blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and the use of blood products can transmit arboviruses if the virus is present in the donor's blood or organs.^[32]^[33]^[34] Because of this, blood and organs are often screened for viruses before being administered.^[34]^[35] Rarely, vertical transmission, or mother-to-child transmission, has been observed in infected pregnant^[36] and breastfeeding women.^[37] Exposure to used needles may also transmit arboviruses if they have been used by an infected person or animal.^[38] This puts intravenous drug users and healthcare workers at risk for infection in regions where the arbovirus may be spreading in human populations.^[34]^[36]

Virology

Arbovirus	Genome type	Genome length	Diameter	Capsid shape	Enveloped?	Viral entry	Replication site	Viral shedding	Infected cell(s)	Genetic variability
African swine fever virus	dsDNA	170-190 kilobases	~200 nm	Icosahedral	Yes	Endocytosis	Nucleus	Budding	Endothelial cells and red and white blood cells	22 genotypes
Dengue virus	+ssRNA	~11,000 nucleobases	~50 nm	Icosahedral	Yes	Membrane fusion	Cell cytoplasm	Budding	Langerhans and white blood cells	Four serotypes
Japanese encephalitis virus	+ssRNA	~11,000 nucleobases	~50 nm	Icosahedral	Yes	Membrane fusion	Cell cytoplasm	Budding		Five genotypes
Rift Valley fever virus	-ssRNA			Spherical	Yes		Cell cytoplasm	Budding		None^{[note 1]}
Tick-borne encephalitis virus	+ssRNA	~11,000 nucleobases	40-50 nm	Icosahedral	Yes	Membrane fusion	Cell cytoplasm	Budding	Neural cells	Five genotypes
West Nile virus	+ssRNA	~11,000 nucleobases (11-12 kilo bases)	45-50 nm	Icosahedral	Yes	Membrane fusion	Cell cytoplasm	Budding
Yellow fever virus	+ssRNA	~11,000 nucleobases	40-60 nm	Icosahedral	Yes	Membrane fusion	Cell cytoplasm	Budding	Hepatocytes and white blood cells
Zika virus	+ssRNA	10794 nucleobases	40 nm	Icosahedral	Yes	Membrane fusion	Cell cytoplasm	Budding
Chikingunya Virus (CHIKV)	+ssRNA	11.6 kilobases	60 - 70 nm	Icosahedral	Yes	Membrane fusion	Cell cytoplasm	Budding	Epithelial cells, Endothelial cells, primary Fibroblasts and Macrophages	Three genotypes

^ No significant distinct genetic populations exist due to the species having recent common ancestry.

Classification

In the past, arboviruses were organized into one of four groups: A, B, C, and D. Group A denoted members of the genus Alphavirus,^[39]^[40] Group B were members of the genus Flavivirus,^[41] and Group C remains as the Group C serogroup of the genus Orthobunyavirus.^[42] Group D was renamed in the mid-1950s to the Guama group and is currently the Guama serogroup in the genus Orthobunyavirus.^[43] This renaming of the group was because the number of groups would eventually exceed the length of the alphabet. Since then, the organization of arboviruses into these groups has fallen out of usage as the standard biological classification system has become more preferred for classifying viruses.^[43] With the exception of the African swine fever virus, which belongs to the Asfarviridae family of viruses, all major clinically important arboviruses belong to one of the following four families:

Family Bunyaviridae
- Genus Nairovirus
  - Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF)
- Genus Orthobunyavirus
  - Bunyamwera virus
  - California encephalitis virus
  - Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV)
  - La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV)
- Genus Phlebovirus
  - Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)
  - Toscana virus (TOSV)
  - Heartland virus
Family Flaviviridae
- Genus Flavivirus
  - Tick-borne viruses
    - Mammalian tick-borne virus group
      - Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV)
      - Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)
  - Mosquito-borne viruses
    - Dengue virus group
      - Dengue virus (DENV)
    - Japanese encephalitis virus group
      - Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)
      - Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV)
      - St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV)
      - West Nile virus (WNV)
    - Spondweni group
      - Spondweni virus
      - Zika virus (ZIKV)
    - Yellow fever virus group
      - Yellow fever virus (YFV)
Family Reoviridae
- Subfamily Sedoreovirinae
  - Genus Orbivirus
    - African horse sickness virus (AHSV)
    - Bluetongue disease virus (BTV)
    - Equine encephalosis virus (EEV)
  - Genus Seadornavirus
    - Banna virus (BAV)
- Subfamily Spinareovirinae
  - Genus Coltivirus
    - Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV)
Family Togaviridae
- Genus Alphavirus
  - Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE)
  - Ross River virus (RRV)
  - Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE)
  - Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE)
  - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)

Signs and symptoms

The incubation period - the time between when infection occurs and when symptoms appear - varies from virus to virus, but is usually limited between 2 and 15 days for arboviruses.^[44] The majority of infections, however, are asymptomatic.^[45] Among cases in which symptoms do appear, symptoms tend to be non-specific, resembling a flu-like illness, and are not indicative of a specific causative agent. These symptoms include fever, headache, malaise, rash and fatigue. Rarely, vomiting and hemorrhagic fever may occur. The central nervous system can also be affected by infection, as encephalitis and meningitis are sometimes observed.^[46] Prognosis is good for most people, but is poor in those who develop severe symptoms, with up to a 20% mortality rate in this population depending on the virus. The very young, elderly, pregnant women, and people with immune deficiencies are more likely to develop severe symptoms.

Arbovirus	Disease(s)	Incubation period	Symptoms	Duration of symptoms	Complications	Case fatality rate	Vector(s)	Primary host(s)	Geographic distribution	Does infection provide lifelong immunity?
Dengue virus	Dengue fever	3–14 days	Asymptomatic in most cases; fever, headache, rash, muscle, and joint pains	7–10 days	Shock, internal bleeding, and organ damage	<1% with treatment, 1-5% without; about 25% in severe cases	Aedes mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti	Humans	Near the equator globally	Varies^{[note 1]}
Japanese encephalitis virus	Japanese encephalitis	5–15 days	Asymptomatic in most cases; fever, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting		Encephalitis, seizures, paralysis, coma, and long-term brain damage	20-30% in encephalitis cases	Culex mosquitoes, especially Culex tritaeniorhynchus	Domestic pigs and wading birds	Southeast and East Asia	Yes
Rift Valley fever virus	Rift Valley fever	2–6 days	Fever, headache, myalgia and liver abnormalities	4–7 days	Hemorrhagic fever, meningoencephalitis	1% in humans; in pregnant livestock, 100% fatality rate for fetuses	Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Aedes vexans	Micropteropus pusillus and Hipposideros abae	Eastern, Southern, and Western Africa	Yes
Tick-borne encephalitis virus	Tick-borne encephalitis	7–14 days	Fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, meningitis, and encephalitis		Paralysis and long-term brain damage	1-2%	Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes ricinus, and Ixodes persulcatus	Small rodents	Eastern Europe and Southern Russia	Yes
West Nile virus	West Nile fever, encephalitis	2–15 days	Asymptomatic in most cases; fever, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, rash	3–6 days	Swollen lymph nodes, meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis	3-15% in severe cases	Culex mosquitoes	Passerine birds	North America, Europe, West and Central Asia, Oceania, and Africa	Yes
Yellow fever virus	Yellow fever	3–6 days	Fever, headache, back pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting	3–4 days	Jaundice, liver damage, gastrointestinal bleeding, recurring fever	3% in general; 20% in cases with severe complications	Aedes mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti	Primates	Tropical and subtropical regions of South America and Africa	Yes

^ Infection provides lifelong immunity to the specific serotype causing illness, but temporary immunity to other serotypes.

Diagnosis

Preliminary diagnosis of arbovirus infection is usually based on clinical presentations of symptoms, places and dates of travel, activities, and epidemiological history of the location where infection occurred.^[47] Definitive diagnosis is typically made in a laboratory by employing some combination of blood tests, particularly immunologic, serologic and/or virologic techniques such as ELISA,^[47]^[48] complement fixation,^[48] polymerase chain reaction,^[48]^[49] neutralization test,^[50] and hemagglutination-inhibition test.^[51]

Prevention

Vector control measures, especially mosquito control, are essential to reducing the transmission of disease by arboviruses. Habitat control involves draining swamps and removal of other pools of stagnant water (such as old tires, large outdoor potted plants, empty cans, etc.) that often serve as breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Insecticides can be applied in rural and urban areas, inside houses and other buildings, or in outdoor environments. They are often quite effective for controlling arthropod populations, though use of some of these chemicals is controversial, and some organophosphates and organochlorides (such as DDT) have been banned in many countries. Infertile male mosquitoes have been introduced in some areas in order to reduce the breeding rate of relevant mosquito species. Larvicides are also used worldwide in mosquito abatement programs. Temefos is a common mosquito larvicide.^[52]

Tent made of mosquito netting

People can also reduce the risk of getting bitten by arthropods by employing personal protective measures such as sleeping under mosquito nets, wearing protective clothing, applying insect repellents such as permethrin and DEET to clothing and exposed skin, and (where possible) avoiding areas known to harbor high arthropod populations. Arboviral encephalitis can be prevented in two major ways: personal protective measures and public health measures to reduce the population of infected mosquitoes. Personal measures include reducing time outdoors particularly in early evening hours, wearing long pants and long sleeved shirts and applying mosquito repellent to exposed skin areas. Public health measures often require spraying of insecticides to kill juvenile (larvae) and adult mosquitoes.^[53]

Vaccination

Vaccines are available for the following arboviral diseases:

Japanese encephalitis^[54]
Yellow fever^[55]

Vaccines are in development for the following arboviral diseases:

Zika Virus^[56]
Dengue fever^[57]
Eastern Equine encephalitis^[58]
West Nile^[59]
Malaria (RTS,S/AS01 has completed phase 3 testing and first phase vaccination is expected to begin in 2018)^[60]

Treatment

Because the arboviral encephalitides are viral diseases, antibiotics are not an effective form of treatment and no effective antiviral drugs have yet been discovered. Treatment is supportive, attempting to deal with problems such as swelling of the brain, loss of the automatic breathing activity of the brain and other treatable complications like bacterial pneumonia.^[1]

Aspirin and ibuprofen should not be taken in cases of dengue fever as it could increase the risk of bleeding and cause Dengue Shock Syndrome.^[61]

Epidemiology

Most arboviruses are located in tropical areas, however as a group they have a global distribution. The warm climate conditions found in tropical areas allows for year-round transmission by the arthropod vectors. Other important factors determining geographic distribution of arthropod vectors include rainfall, humidity, and vegetation.^[62]

Mapping methods such as GIS and GPS have allowed for spatial and temporal analyses of arboviruses. Tagging cases or breeding sites geographically has allowed for deeper examination of vector transmission.^[63]

To see the epidemiology of specific arboviruses, the following resources hold maps, fact sheets, and reports on arboviruses and arboviral epidemics.

Resource	Description	Link
World Health Organization	The WHO compiles studies and maps of the distribution, risk factors, and prevention of specific viruses. The WHO also hosts DengueNet, a database which can be queried about Dengue cases.	http://www.who.int/en/ http://apps.who.int/globalatlas/default.asp
CDC ArboNet Dynamic Map	This interactive map is created by USGS using data from the CDC ArboNET. It provides distribution maps of cases in humans and vectors in the United States.	http://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/mapviewer/
Center for Disease Control ArboCatalog	The ArboCatalog documents probable arboviruses recorded by the Center for Disease Control, and provides detailed information about the viruses.	https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Arbocat/Default.aspx

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^ Dalrymple, J. M.; Vogel, S. N.; Teramoto, A. Y.; Russell, P. K. (1973). "Antigenic components of group a arbovirus virions". Journal of Virology. 12 (5): 1034–1042. PMC 356734 . PMID 4128825.
^ Tesh, R. B.; Gajdusek, D. C.; Garruto, R. M.; Cross, J. H.; Rosen, L. (1975). "The distribution and prevalence of group a arbovirus neutralizing antibodies among human populations in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands". The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 24 (4): 664–675. PMID 1155702.
^ Lvov, D. K.; Tsyrkin, Y. M.; Karas, F. R.; Timopheev, E. M.; Gromashevski, V. L.; Veselovskaya, O. V.; Osipova, N. Z.; Fomina, K. B.; Grebenyuk, Y. I. (1973). "'Sokuluk' Virus, a new group B arbovirus isolated from Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1775, bat in the Kirghiz S.S.R". Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung. 41 (3): 170–174. doi:10.1007/BF01252762.
^ Mezencio, J. M. S.; Peixoto, M. L. P.; Ferreira, P. C. P.; Golgher, R. R. (1978). "Induction of interferon by group C arboviruses". Archives of Virology. 58 (4): 355–358. doi:10.1007/BF01317828.
^ ^a ^b Shope, R. E.; Woodall, J. P.; da Rosa, A. T. (1988). Monath, T. P., ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology (PDF). 3. CRC Press. p. 38. ISBN 0849343879. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
^ Mostashari, F.; Bunning, M. L.; Kitsutani, P. T.; Singer, D. A.; Nash, D.; Cooper, M. J.; Katz, N.; Liljebjelke, K. A.; Biggerstaff, B. J.; Fine, A. D.; Layton, M. C.; Mullin, S. M.; Johnson, A. J.; Martin, D. A.; Hayes, E. B.; Campbell, G. L. (2001). "Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: Results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey". The Lancet. 358 (9278): 261–264. PMID 11498211. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05480-0.
^ Reiter, P. (2010). "Yellow Fever and Dengue: A threat to Europe?". Eurosurveillance. 15 (10): pii 19509.
^ Davis, L. E.; Debiasi, R.; Goade, D. E.; Haaland, K. Y.; Harrington, J. A.; Harnar, J. B.; Pergam, S. A.; King, M. K.; Demasters, B. K.; Tyler, K. L. (2006). "West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease". Annals of Neurology. 60 (3): 286–300. PMID 16983682. doi:10.1002/ana.20959.
^ ^a ^b "Arboviral Diagnostic Testing". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Arbovirus Antibodies Test". Medical Health Tests. March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^ Huang, C.; Slater, B.; Campbell, W.; Howard, J.; White, D. (2001). "Detection of arboviral RNA directly from mosquito homogenates by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction". Journal of Virological Methods. 94 (1–2): 121–128. PMID 11337046. doi:10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00279-8.
^ Seawright, G. L.; Harding, G.; Thomas, F. C.; Hanson, R. P. (1974). "Microculture Plaque Neutralization Test for California Group Arboviruses". Applied Microbiology. 28 (5): 802–806. PMC 186828 . PMID 4216288.
^ Mettler, N. E.; Clarke, D. H.; Casals, J. (1971). "Hemagglutination Inhibition with Arboviruses: Relationship Between Titers and Source of Erythrocytes". Applied Microbiology. 22 (3): 377–379. PMC 376317 . PMID 5165837.
^ Walsh, J.A.; Warren, K.S. (1980). "Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries". Social Science & Medicine. Part C: Medical Economics. 14 (2): 145–163. PMID 7403901. doi:10.1016/0160-7995(80)90034-9.
^ "Preventing Mosquito Bites". North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services.
^ "Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine, What You Need to Know" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). December 7, 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
^ "Yellow Fever Vaccine, What You Need to Know" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). March 30, 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
^ http://science.sciencemag.org.wwwproxy1.library.unsw.edu.au/content/353/6304/1094.full
^ "Dengue fever vaccine program". Global Vaccines. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
^ Pandya J.; Gorchakov R.; Wang E.; Leal G.; Weaver S.C. (February 2012). "A vaccine candidate for eastern equine encephalitis virus based on IRES-mediated attenuation". Vaccine. 30 (7): 1276–82. PMC 3283035 . PMID 22222869. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.121.
^ Young, S. (August 12, 2012). "Few Options in the West Nile Fight". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
^ World Malaria Report 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^ http://www.who.int/denguecontrol/human/en/
^ Duane J Gubler, The Global Emergence/Resurgence of Arboviral Diseases As Public Health Problems, Archives of Medical Research, Volume 33, Issue 4, July–August 2002, Pages 330-342, ISSN 0188-4409, doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(02)00378-8.
^ Petersen L. R., Busch M. P. (2010). "Transfusion-transmitted arboviruses". Vox Sanguinis. 98: 495–503. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01286.x.

External links

Beran, G. W., ed. (1994). Handbook of Zoonoses. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849332067.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 節足動物媒介性脳炎 arthropod borne encephalitides
2. チクングンヤ熱 chikungunya fever
3. ウエストナイルウイルス感染の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of west nile virus infection
4. Congenital Zika virus infection: Clinical features, evaluation, and management of the neonate
5. 成人におけるウイルス性脳炎 viral encephalitis in adults

English Journal

Travel-Related Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Israel, 2006-2014.

Meltzer E, Paran Y, Lustig Y, Stienlauf S, Weinberger M, Schwartz E.
Emerging infectious diseases.Emerg Infect Dis.2017 Jan 15;23(1). doi: 10.3201/eid2301.160888. [Epub ahead of print]
During 2006-2014, four tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases occurred among Israeli travelers. We calculated TBE incidence at 321.0, 45.0, 13.2, and 7.5 cases/100,000 travelers/year of travel to Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, and Germany, respectively. TBE incidence among travelers to these destination
PMID 27779467

Wide recognition of Culex pipiens and lack of detection of Culex torrentium through biomolecular differentiation of mosquitoes in the Emilia-Romagna region, Northern Italy.

Calzolari M1, Bonilauri P2, Bellini R3, Becker S4, Dottori M2.
Medical and veterinary entomology.Med Vet Entomol.2016 Dec;30(4):435-438. doi: 10.1111/mve.12186. Epub 2016 Aug 1.
The Culex pipiens complex includes species with reported differences in vector competence for arthropod-borne viruses, many of which are of significant importance to human health such as the West Nile virus and the Sindbis virus. This group of mosquitoes is difficult to distinguish morphologically;
PMID 27477051
PMID 25597441

Japanese Journal

Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in northern Vietnam, 1964–2011: genotype replacement

Do Loan Phuong,Bui Trang Minh,Hasebe Futoshi,Morita Kouichi,Phan Nga Thi
Virology Journal 12(1), 51, 2015-04-01
… Background: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an arthropod-borne virus causing serious public health issues in Asia. …
NAID 120005611347

Dengue virus receptor

HIDARI Kazuya I. P. J.,SUZUKI Takashi
Tropical medicine and health 39(4), 37-43, 2011-12-01
… Dengue virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. … Dengue virus causes fever and hemorrhagic disorders in humans and non-human primates. … Direct interaction of the virus introduced by a mosquito bite with host receptor molecule(s) is crucial for virus propagation and the pathological progression of dengue diseases. …
NAID 10030727280

Flavivirus Encephalitis : Pathological Aspects of Mouse and Other Animal Models

Kimura T.,Sasaki M.,Okumura M.,Kim E.,Sawa H.
Veterinary Pathology 47(5), 806-818, 2010-09
… Encephalitic flaviviruses are important arthropod-borne pathogens of humans and other animals. … In particular, the recent emergence of the West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in new geographic areas has caused a considerable public health alert and international concern. …
NAID 120003295064

「アルボウイルス」

Arbovirus infection
	Tissue infected with the Rift Valley fever virus
Classification and external resources
MeSH	D001102
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: arbovirus
同: 節足動物媒介ウイルス arthropod-borne virus
関: 節足動物

感染経路による分類
節足動物(昆虫、ダニ)によって媒介されるウイルスの総称。

「arboviral」

　　[★]

アルボウイルスの

関: arbovirus、arthropod-borne virus

「節足動物媒介ウイルス」

　　[★]

英: arthropod-borne virus
関: アルボウイルス

「borne」

　　[★]

vt. bearのpp.

関: come from, derive, descend, stem

-borne

～によって運ばれる、伝えられる
ex.

water-borne：水媒介性の
blood-borne：血液由来の
air-borne infection,airborne infection ：空気感染

「virus」

　　[★] ウイルス

[39] No significant distinct genetic populations exist due to the species having recent common ancestry.

[48] Infection provides lifelong immunity to the specific serotype causing illness, but temporary immunity to other serotypes.

[cdc-1] "CDC Information on Arboviral Encephalitides". Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-07.

[2] Hubálek, Z.; Rudolf, I. (2012). "Tick-borne viruses in Europe". Parasitology Research. 111 (1): 9–36. PMID 22526290. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-2910-1.

[3] "Arbovirus Infection Symptoms". freemd. Retrieved 22 June 2013.

[4] Chaves-Carballo, E. (2005). "Carlos Finlay and yellow fever: Triumph over adversity". Military medicine. 170 (10): 881–885. PMID 16435764. doi:10.7205/milmed.170.10.881.

[5] Russell, F. F. (1934). "Permanent Value of Major Walter Reed's Work on Yellow Fever *". American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 24: 1–7. doi:10.2105/AJPH.24.1.1.

[6] Simmons, C. P.; Farrar, J. J.; Nguyen, N.; Wills, B. (2012). "Dengue". New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (15): 1423–1432. PMID 22494122. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1110265.

[7] Gubler, D. J. (1998). "Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 11 (3): 480–496. PMC 88892 . PMID 9665979.

[8] Henchal, E. A.; Putnak, J. R. (1990). "The dengue viruses". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 3 (4): 376–396. PMC 358169 . PMID 2224837. doi:10.1128/CMR.3.4.376.

[9] Rivers, TM (October 1927). "FILTERABLE VIRUSES A CRITICAL REVIEW.". Journal of Bacteriology. 14 (4): 217–58. PMC 374955 . PMID 16559270.

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[11] Smithburn, K. C.; Hughes, T. P.; Burke, A. W.; Paul, J. H. (1940). "A Neurotropic Virus Isolated from the Blood of a Native of Uganda". American Journal of Tropical Medicine. 20: 471–472.

[12] Taylor, R. M.; Hurlbut, H. S.; Dressler, H. R.; Spangler, E. W.; Thrasher, D. (1953). "Isolation of West Nile virus from Culex mosquitoes". The Journal of the Egyptian Medical Association. 36 (3): 199–208. PMID 13084817.

[13] Sun, L. H. (13 September 2012). "West Nile epidemic on track to be deadliest ever: CDC". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

[14] Whitehorn, J.; Farrar, J. (2010). "Dengue". British Medical Bulletin. 95: 161–173. PMID 20616106. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldq019.

[15] Rodenhuis-Zybert, I. A.; Wilschut, J.; Smit, J. M. (2010). "Dengue virus life cycle: Viral and host factors modulating infectivity". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 67 (16): 2773–2786. PMID 20372965. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0357-z.

[16] Guzman, M. G.; Halstead, S. B.; Artsob, H.; Buchy, P.; Farrar, J.; Gubler, D. J.; Hunsperger, E.; Kroeger, A.; Margolis, H. S.; Martínez, E.; Nathan, M. B.; Pelegrino, J. L.; Simmons, C.; Yoksan, S.; Peeling, R. W. (2010). "Dengue: A continuing global threat". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 8 (12): S7–16. PMID 21079655. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2460.

[contagion-17] "Tropical Diseases and the Construction of the Panama Canal, 1904–1914". Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

[18] "Malaria: The Panama Canal". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 8 February 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

[19] Lapointe, P. M. (1987). "Joseph Augustin LePrince: His battle against mosquitoes and malaria". The West Tennessee Historical Society papers. West Tennessee Historical Society. 41: 48–61. PMID 12862098.

[20] "Yellow Fever and Malaria in the Canal". PBS. American Experience. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

[21] "Human blood contains the secret ingredient for mosquito eggs". May 4, 2011. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.

[22] Last, J., ed. (2001). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-19-514169-6. OCLC 207797812.

[23] Depaquit, J.; Grandadam, M.; Fouque, F.; Andry, P. E.; Peyrefitte, C. (2010). "Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe: A review". Euro Surveillance. 15 (10): 19507. PMID 20403307.

[24] "Life cycle of Hard Ticks that Spread Disease". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 26 July 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.

[25] Kuno, G.; Chang, G. -J. J. (2005). "Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 18 (4): 608–637. PMC 1265912 . PMID 16223950. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.4.608-637.2005.

[26] Wasserman, H. A.; Singh, S.; Champagne, D. E. (2004). "Saliva of the Yellow Fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, modulates murine lymphocyte function". Parasite Immunology. 26 (6–7): 295–306. PMID 15541033. doi:10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00712.x.

[27] Schneider, B. S.; McGee, C. E.; Jordan, J. M.; Stevenson, H. L.; Soong, L.; Higgs, S. (2007). Baylis, Matthew, ed. "Prior Exposure to Uninfected Mosquitoes Enhances Mortality in Naturally-Transmitted West Nile Virus Infection". PLoS ONE. 2 (11): e1171. PMC 2048662 . PMID 18000543. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001171.

[pmid163-28] Weaver, S. C. (2005). "Host range, amplification and arboviral disease emergence". Archives of virology. Supplementum (19): 33–44. PMID 16358422.

[pmid174-29] Bowen, R. A.; Nemeth, N. M. (2007). "Experimental infections with West Nile virus". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 20 (3): 293–297. PMID 17471040. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32816b5cad.

[30] Lura, T.; Cummings, R.; Velten, R.; De Collibus, K.; Morgan, T.; Nguyen, K.; Gerry, A. (2012). "Host (avian) biting preference of southern California Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)". Journal of medical entomology. 49 (3): 687–696. PMID 22679878. doi:10.1603/ME11177.

[31] Amraoui, F.; Krida, G.; Bouattour, A.; Rhim, A.; Daaboub, J.; Harrat, Z.; Boubidi, S. C.; Tijane, M.; Sarih, M.; Failloux, A. B. (2012). Ikegami, Tetsuro, ed. "Culex pipiens, an Experimental Efficient Vector of West Nile and Rift Valley Fever Viruses in the Maghreb Region". PLoS ONE. 7 (5): e36757. PMC 3365064 . PMID 22693557. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036757.

[32] Tambyah, P. A.; Koay, E. S. C.; Poon, M. L. M.; Lin, R. V. T. P.; Ong, B. K. C.; Transfusion-Transmitted Dengue Infection Study Group (2008). "Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Transmitted by Blood Transfusion". New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (14): 1526–1527. PMID 18832256. doi:10.1056/NEJMc0708673.

[33] Iwamoto, M.; Jernigan, D. B.; Guasch, A.; Trepka, M. J.; Blackmore, C. G.; Hellinger, W. C.; Pham, S. M.; Zaki, S.; Lanciotti, R. S.; Lance-Parker, S. E.; Diazgranados, C. A.; Winquist, A. G.; Perlino, C. A.; Wiersma, S.; Hillyer, K. L.; Goodman, J. L.; Marfin, A. A.; Chamberland, M. E.; Petersen, L. R.; West Nile Virus in Transplant Recipients Investigation Team (2003). "Transmission of West Nile Virus from an Organ Donor to Four Transplant Recipients". New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (22): 2196–2203. PMID 12773646. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022987.

[pmid193-34] Teo, D.; Ng, L. C.; Lam, S. (2009). "Is dengue a threat to the blood supply?". Transfusion Medicine. 19 (2): 66–77. PMC 2713854 . PMID 19392949. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3148.2009.00916.x.

[35] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2004). "Update: West Nile virus screening of blood donations and transfusion-associated transmission--United States, 2003". MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 53 (13): 281–284. PMID 15071426.

[pmid201-36] Wiwanitkit, V. (2009). "Unusual mode of transmission of dengue". Journal of infection in developing countries. 4 (1): 51–54. PMID 20130380. doi:10.3855/jidc.145.

[37] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding--Michigan, 2002". MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 51 (39): 877–878. PMID 12375687.

[38] Venter, M.; Swanepoel, R. (2010). "West Nile Virus Lineage 2 as a Cause of Zoonotic Neurological Disease in Humans and Horses in Southern Africa". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 10 (7): 659–664. PMID 20854018. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0230.

[40] Dalrymple, J. M.; Vogel, S. N.; Teramoto, A. Y.; Russell, P. K. (1973). "Antigenic components of group a arbovirus virions". Journal of Virology. 12 (5): 1034–1042. PMC 356734 . PMID 4128825.

[41] Tesh, R. B.; Gajdusek, D. C.; Garruto, R. M.; Cross, J. H.; Rosen, L. (1975). "The distribution and prevalence of group a arbovirus neutralizing antibodies among human populations in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands". The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 24 (4): 664–675. PMID 1155702.

[42] Lvov, D. K.; Tsyrkin, Y. M.; Karas, F. R.; Timopheev, E. M.; Gromashevski, V. L.; Veselovskaya, O. V.; Osipova, N. Z.; Fomina, K. B.; Grebenyuk, Y. I. (1973). "'Sokuluk' Virus, a new group B arbovirus isolated from Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1775, bat in the Kirghiz S.S.R". Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung. 41 (3): 170–174. doi:10.1007/BF01252762.

[43] Mezencio, J. M. S.; Peixoto, M. L. P.; Ferreira, P. C. P.; Golgher, R. R. (1978). "Induction of interferon by group C arboviruses". Archives of Virology. 58 (4): 355–358. doi:10.1007/BF01317828.

[monath-44] Shope, R. E.; Woodall, J. P.; da Rosa, A. T. (1988). Monath, T. P., ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology (PDF). 3. CRC Press. p. 38. ISBN 0849343879. Retrieved 16 June 2013.

[45] Mostashari, F.; Bunning, M. L.; Kitsutani, P. T.; Singer, D. A.; Nash, D.; Cooper, M. J.; Katz, N.; Liljebjelke, K. A.; Biggerstaff, B. J.; Fine, A. D.; Layton, M. C.; Mullin, S. M.; Johnson, A. J.; Martin, D. A.; Hayes, E. B.; Campbell, G. L. (2001). "Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: Results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey". The Lancet. 358 (9278): 261–264. PMID 11498211. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05480-0.

[46] Reiter, P. (2010). "Yellow Fever and Dengue: A threat to Europe?". Eurosurveillance. 15 (10): pii 19509.

[47] Davis, L. E.; Debiasi, R.; Goade, D. E.; Haaland, K. Y.; Harrington, J. A.; Harnar, J. B.; Pergam, S. A.; King, M. K.; Demasters, B. K.; Tyler, K. L. (2006). "West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease". Annals of Neurology. 60 (3): 286–300. PMID 16983682. doi:10.1002/ana.20959.

[cdcdiagnose-49] "Arboviral Diagnostic Testing". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved April 17, 2013.

[arboantibody-50] "Arbovirus Antibodies Test". Medical Health Tests. March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2013.

[51] Huang, C.; Slater, B.; Campbell, W.; Howard, J.; White, D. (2001). "Detection of arboviral RNA directly from mosquito homogenates by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction". Journal of Virological Methods. 94 (1–2): 121–128. PMID 11337046. doi:10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00279-8.

[52] Seawright, G. L.; Harding, G.; Thomas, F. C.; Hanson, R. P. (1974). "Microculture Plaque Neutralization Test for California Group Arboviruses". Applied Microbiology. 28 (5): 802–806. PMC 186828 . PMID 4216288.

[53] Mettler, N. E.; Clarke, D. H.; Casals, J. (1971). "Hemagglutination Inhibition with Arboviruses: Relationship Between Titers and Source of Erythrocytes". Applied Microbiology. 22 (3): 377–379. PMC 376317 . PMID 5165837.

[54] Walsh, J.A.; Warren, K.S. (1980). "Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries". Social Science & Medicine. Part C: Medical Economics. 14 (2): 145–163. PMID 7403901. doi:10.1016/0160-7995(80)90034-9.

[ncarbo-55] "Preventing Mosquito Bites". North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services.

[56] "Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine, What You Need to Know" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). December 7, 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2013.

[57] "Yellow Fever Vaccine, What You Need to Know" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). March 30, 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2013.

[58] ttp://science.sciencemag.org.wwwproxy1.library.unsw.edu.au/content/353/6304/1094.full

[59] "Dengue fever vaccine program". Global Vaccines. Retrieved 20 March 2013.

[60] Pandya J.; Gorchakov R.; Wang E.; Leal G.; Weaver S.C. (February 2012). "A vaccine candidate for eastern equine encephalitis virus based on IRES-mediated attenuation". Vaccine. 30 (7): 1276–82. PMC 3283035 . PMID 22222869. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.121.

[61] Young, S. (August 12, 2012). "Few Options in the West Nile Fight". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 20 March 2013.

[62] World Malaria Report 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

[63] ttp://www.who.int/denguecontrol/human/en/

[64] Duane J Gubler, The Global Emergence/Resurgence of Arboviral Diseases As Public Health Problems, Archives of Medical Research, Volume 33, Issue 4, July–August 2002, Pages 330-342, ISSN 0188-4409, doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(02)00378-8.

[65] Petersen L. R., Busch M. P. (2010). "Transfusion-transmitted arboviruses". Vox Sanguinis. 98: 495–503. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01286.x.

リンク元	「アルボウイルス」「arboviral」「節足動物媒介ウイルス」
関連記事	「borne」「virus」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

arthropod-borne virus