WordNet
- street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
- any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
- having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"
- (chemistry) of or relating to or containing one or more benzene rings; "an aromatic organic compound"
- having a strong pleasant odor; "the pine woods were more redolent"- Jean Stafford (同)redolent
- the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)l
- pertaining to or containing any of a group of organic compounds of nitrogen derived from ammonia (同)aminic
- the radical -NH2 (同)amino_group
- any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD
- かおりの高い,かんばしい
- lira(イタリアの貨幣単位リラ)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/07/23 21:31:52」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase |
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| Ribbon diagram of a domestic pig DOPA decarboxylase dimer.[1] |
| Identifiers |
| EC number |
4.1.1.28 |
| CAS number |
9042-64-2 |
| Databases |
| IntEnz |
IntEnz view |
| BRENDA |
BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy |
NiceZyme view |
| KEGG |
KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc |
metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM |
profile |
| PDB structures |
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology |
AmiGO / EGO |
| Search |
| PMC |
articles |
| PubMed |
articles |
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| DOPA decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) |
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
DDC |
| Entrez |
1644 |
| HUGO |
2719 |
| OMIM |
107930 |
| RefSeq |
NM_000790 |
| UniProt |
P20711 |
| Other data |
| EC number |
4.1.1.28 |
| Locus |
Chr. 7 p11 |
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28, synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, AAAD) is a lyase enzyme.
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Contents
- 1 Reactions
- 2 As a rate-limiting step
- 3 Interactive pathway map
- 4 Genetics
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
|
Reactions
It catalyzes several different decarboxylation reactions:
- L-DOPA to dopamine - a neurotransmitter
- 5-HTP to serotonin (5-HT) - also a neurotransmitter
- tryptophan to tryptamine - a precursor to many alkaloids found in plants and animals
The enzyme uses pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, as a cofactor.
As a rate-limiting step
In normal dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter synthesis, AAAD is not the rate-limiting step in either reaction. However, AAAD becomes the rate-limiting step of dopamine synthesis in patients treated with L-DOPA (such as in Parkinson's Disease), and the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis in people treated with 5-HTP (such as in mild depression or dysthymia). AAAD is inhibited by Carbidopa outside of the blood brain barrier to inhibit the premature conversion of L-DOPA to Dopamine in the treatment of Parkinson's.
AAAD is the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of biogenic trace amines.
Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [2]
Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons edit
Genetics
The gene encoding the enzyme is referred to as DDC and located on chromosome 7 in humans.[3] Single nucleotide polymorphisms and other gene variations have been investigated in relation to neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g., a one-base pair deletion at –601 and a four-base pair deletion at 722–725 in exon 1 in relation to bipolar disorder[4] and autism.[5]
See also
References
- ^ PDB 1JS3; Burkhard P, Dominici P, Borri-Voltattorni C, Jansonius JN, Malashkevich VN (November 2001). "Structural insight into Parkinson's disease treatment from drug-inhibited DOPA decarboxylase". Nat. Struct. Biol. 8 (11): 963–7. DOI:10.1038/nsb1101-963. PMID 11685243.
- ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602". http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP1602.
- ^ Lisa J. Scherer, John D. McPherson, John J. Wasmuth and J. Lawrence Marsh (June 1992). "Human dopa decarboxylase: Localization to human chromosome 7p11 and characterization of hepatic cDNAs". Genomics 13 (2): 469–471. DOI:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90275-W. PMID 1612608.
- ^ A. D. Borglum, T. G. Bruun, T. E. Kjeldsen, H. Ewald, O. Mors, G. Kirov, C. Russ, B. Freeman, D. A. Collier & T. A. Kruse (November 1999). "Two novel variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene: association with bipolar affective disorder". Molecular Psychiatry 4 (6): 545–541. DOI:10.1038/sj.mp.4000559. PMID 10578236.
- ^ Marlene B. Lauritsen, Anders D. Borglum, Catalina Betancur, Anne Philippe, Torben A. Kruse, Marion Leboyer & Henrik Ewald (May 2002). "Investigation of two variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene in patients with autism". American Journal of Medical Genetics 114 (4): 466–460. DOI:10.1002/ajmg.10379. PMID 11992572.
External links
- Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid+Decarboxylases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
|
Carbon-carbon lyases (EC 4.1)
|
|
| 4.1.1: Carboxy-lyases |
- Pyruvate decarboxylase
- Oxaloacetate decarboxylase
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase
- Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
- Glutamate decarboxylase
- Ornithine decarboxylase
- Lysine decarboxylase
- Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase
- Histidine decarboxylase
- Uridine monophosphate synthetase/Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
- Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
- Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
- RuBisCO
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
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|
| 4.1.2: Aldehyde-lyases |
- Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
- Aldolase A
- Aldolase B
- Aldolase C
- 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase
- Threonine aldolase
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|
| 4.1.3: Oxo-acid-lyases |
- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
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| 4.1.99: Other |
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|
- B
- enzm
- 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 10
- 11
- 13
- 14
- 15-18
- 2.1
- 2.7.10
- 2.7.11-12
- 3.1
- 3.1.3.48
- 3.4.21
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
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Metabolism: amino acid metabolism · neurotransmitter enzymes
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| monoamine |
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histidine→histamine
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anabolism: Histidine decarboxylase
catabolism: Histamine N-methyltransferase · Amine oxidase
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tyrosine→dopamine→epinephrine
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anabolism: Tyrosine hydroxylase · Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase · Dopamine beta hydroxylase · Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
catabolism: Catechol-O-methyl transferase · Monoamine oxidase
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glutamate→GABA
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anabolism: Glutamate decarboxylase
catabolism: 4-aminobutyrate transaminase
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tryptophan→serotonin→melatonin
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Tryptophan hydroxylase · Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase · Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
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| arginine→NO |
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS1, NOS2, NOS3)
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| choline→Acetylcholine |
anabolism: Choline acetyltransferase
catabolism: Cholinesterase (Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase)
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mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
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k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
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m(A16/C10),i(k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Levodopa induces long-lasting modification in the functional activity of the nigrostriatal pathway.
- Riverol M1, Ordóñez C2, Collantes M3, Dicaudo C2, Peñuelas I3, Arbizu J4, Marcilla I2, Luquin MR5.Author information 1Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Regenerative Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.2Laboratory of Regenerative Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.3Small Animal Imaging Research Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.4Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.5Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Regenerative Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain. Electronic address: rluquin@unav.es.AbstractMuch controversy exists concerning the effect of levodopa on striatal dopaminergic markers in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its influence on functional neuroimaging. To deal with this issue we studied the impact of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and chronic levodopa administration on striatal (18)F-DOPA uptake (Ki) in an animal model of PD. The levels of several striatal dopaminergic markers and the number of surviving dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) were also assessed. Eleven Macaca fascicularis were included in the study. Eight animals received weekly intravenous injections of MPTP for 7weeks and 3 intact animals served as controls. MPTP-monkeys were divided in two groups. Group I was treated with placebo while Group II received levodopa. Both treatments were maintained for 11months and then followed by a washout period of 6months. (18)F-DOPA positron emission tomography (PET) scans were performed at baseline, after MPTP intoxication, following 11months of treatment, and after a washout period of 1, 3 and 6months. Monkeys were sacrificed 6months after concluding either placebo or levodopa treatment and immediately after the last (18)F-DOPA PET study. Striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) content, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) content and aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) content were assessed. In Group II (18)F-DOPA PET studies performed at 3 and 6months after interrupting levodopa showed a significantly increased Ki in the anterior putamen as compared to Group I. Levodopa and placebo treated animals exhibited a similar number of surviving dopaminergic cells in the SN. Striatal DAT content was equally reduced in both groups of animals. Animals in Group I exhibited a significant decrease in TH protein content in all the striatal regions assessed. However, in Group II, TH levels were significantly reduced only in the anterior and posterior putamen. Surprisingly, in the levodopa-treated animals the TH levels in the posterior putamen were significantly lower than those in the placebo group. AADC levels in MPTP groups were similar to those of control animals in all striatal areas analyzed. This study shows that chronic levodopa administration to monkeys with partial nigrostriatal degeneration followed by a washout period induces modifications in the functional activity of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway.
- Neurobiology of disease.Neurobiol Dis.2014 Feb;62:250-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.014. Epub 2013 Sep 27.
- Much controversy exists concerning the effect of levodopa on striatal dopaminergic markers in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its influence on functional neuroimaging. To deal with this issue we studied the impact of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and chronic levodopa ad
- PMID 24076099
- Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune parathyroid disease.
- Betterle C1, Garelli S2, Presotto F3.Author information 1Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile, 105-35128 Padova, Italy. Electronic address: corrado.betterle@unipd.it.2Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ospedale Civile, 105-35128 Padova, Italy. Electronic address: silvia.garelli@unipd.it.3Internal Medicine Unit, Mestre-Venice Ospedale dell'Angelo, Via Paccagnella, 11-30174 Mestre, Venezia, Italy. Electronic address: fabio.presotto@unipd.it.AbstractHypoparathyroidism (HP) is clinically characterized by the presence of hypocalcemia, usually associated with specific signs and symptoms that depend on how severe and chronic the disease becomes. HP is usually caused by surgical removal of all four parathyroids, while other forms are rarer. Autoimmune HP can occur as an isolated disease or as part of an autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome. Here we review what is known about parathyroid gland autoimmunity, focusing on recently-proposed parathyroid autoantibody markers, and particularly those directed against NACHT leucine-rich-repeat protein 5 and calcium-sensing receptor. We also describe the clinical characteristics of HP and design a diagnostic algorithm for autoimmune HP.
- Autoimmunity reviews.Autoimmun Rev.2014 Jan 11. pii: S1568-9972(14)00056-1. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.044. [Epub ahead of print]
- Hypoparathyroidism (HP) is clinically characterized by the presence of hypocalcemia, usually associated with specific signs and symptoms that depend on how severe and chronic the disease becomes. HP is usually caused by surgical removal of all four parathyroids, while other forms are rarer. Autoimmu
- PMID 24424178
Japanese Journal
- 82.バラ香気生合成に関与するアミノ酸アミノ基転移酵素の酵素学的解析(口頭発表)
- 石田 晴香,平田 拓,龍野 祐奈,小林 寛実,坂井 美和,大西 利幸,渡辺 修治
- 植物化学調節学会研究発表記録集 (45), 99, 2010-10-01
- … We clarified 2PE biosynthesized from L-phenylalanine via phenylacetaldehyde (PAld) by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase and phenylacetaldehyde reductase. … In the present study, we administered [^2H_8] L-Phe to protoplast from rose petal. …
- NAID 110007767182
Related Links
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28, synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, AAAD) is a lyase enzyme. Contents. 1 Reactions; 2 As a rate-limiting step; 3 Interactive ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
- 関
- 芳香族アミノ酸脱炭酸酵素、芳香族L-アミノ酸デカルボキシラーゼ
[★]
- 英
- aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
- 関
- 芳香族L-アミノ酸脱炭酸酵素
[★]
- 関
- aromatic compound、aromatic hydrocarbon、aromatics
[★]
[★]
芳香族化合物
- 関
- aromatic、aromatic compound、aromatic hydrocarbon
[★]
デカルボキシラーゼ、脱炭酸酵素
- 関
- carboxy-lyase