armadillo

アルマジロ

　 　

WordNet

1. burrowing chiefly nocturnal mammal with body covered with strong horny plates
2. about three feet long exclusive of tail (同)tatou, tatu, Priodontes giganteus

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. アルマジロ(中南米産の小動物)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/14 16:52:12」(JST)

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For other uses, see Armadillo (disambiguation).

Armadillo Temporal range: Paleocene-Recent, 58.7–0Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Nine-banded armadillo
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Superorder:	Xenarthra
Order:	Cingulata Illiger, 1811
Families
†Pampatheriidae †Glyptodontidae Dasypodidae

Nine-banded armadillo skeleton

Armadillos are New World placental mammals with a leathery armor shell. The Dasypodidae are the only surviving family in the order Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, along with the anteaters and sloths. The word armadillo means "little armored one" in Spanish. The Aztecs called them āyōtōchtli [aːjoː'toːt͡ʃt͡ɬi], Nahuatl for “turtle-rabbit”: āyōtl ['aːjoːt͡ɬ] (turtle) and tōchtli ['toːt͡ʃt͡ɬi] (rabbit).

About 10 extant genera and 20 extant species of armadillo have been described, some of which are distinguished by the number of bands on their armor. Their average length is about 75 cm (30 in), including tail. The giant armadillo grows up to 150 cm (59 in) and weighs up to 59 kg (130 lb), while the pink fairy armadillos are diminutive species, with an overall length of 12 to 15 cm (5 to 6 in). All species are native to the Americas, where they inhabit a variety of environments.

Armadillos are found primarily in South and Central America, particularly in Paraguay and surrounding areas. Many species are endangered. Some species, such as the long-nosed armadillos, are widely distributed over the Americas, whereas others, such as the fairy armadillo, are concentrated in smaller ranges in South America. One species, the nine-banded armadillo, (Dasypus novemcinctus), is found in the United States, primarily in the south-central states (notably Texas), but with a range that extends as far east as South Carolina and Florida, and as far north as Nebraska and midwestern Kansas. Their range has consistently expanded in North America over the last century due to a lack of natural predators. They have been found as far north as southern Illinois.

Habitat and anatomy

Armadillos are small to medium-sized mammals. The smallest species, the pink fairy armadillo, is roughly chipmunk-sized at 85 g (3.0 oz) and 11 cm (4.3 in) in total length. The largest species, the giant armadillo, can be the size of a small pig, weigh up to 60 kg (130 lb) and be over 100 cm (39 in) long. They are prolific diggers. Many species use their sharp claws to dig for food, such as grubs, and to dig dens. The nine-banded armadillo prefers to build burrows in moist soil near the creeks, streams, and arroyos around which it lives and feeds. The diets of different armadillo species vary, but consist mainly of insects, grubs, and other invertebrates. Some species, however, feed almost entirely on ants and termites.

Paws of a hairy and a giant armadillo

In common with other xenarthrans, armadillos in general, have low body temperatures (33–36°C) and basal metabolic rates (from 40–60% of that expected in placental mammals of their mass). This is particularly true of types that specialize in using termites as their primary food source (for example, Priodontes and Tolypeutes).

The armor is formed by plates of dermal bone covered in relatively small, overlapping epidermal scales called "scutes", composed of bone with a covering of horn. Most species have rigid shields over the shoulders and hips, with a number of bands separated by flexible skin covering the back and flanks. Additional armor covers the top of the head, the upper parts of the limbs, and the tail. The underside of the animal is never armored, and is simply covered with soft skin and fur.

This armor-like skin appears to be the main defense of many armadillos, although most escape predators by fleeing (often into thorny patches, from which their armor protects them) or digging to safety. Only the South American three-banded armadillos (Tolypeutes) rely heavily on their armor for protection. When threatened by a predator, Tolypeutes species frequently roll up into a ball. Other armadillo species cannot roll up because they have too many plates. The North American nine-banded armadillo tends to jump straight in the air when surprised, and consequently often collides with the undercarriage or fenders of passing vehicles.

Armadillos have short legs, but can move quite quickly, and have the ability to remain under water for as long as six minutes. Because of the density of its armor, an armadillo will sink in water unless it swallows air, inflating its stomach to twice normal size and raising its buoyancy above that of water, allowing it to swim across narrow streams and ditches.

Armadillos have very poor eyesight, and use their keen sense of smell to hunt. They use their claws for digging and finding food, as well as for making their homes in burrows. They dig their burrows with their claws, making only a single corridor the width of the animal's body. They have five clawed toes on their hindfeet, and three to five toes with heavy digging claws on their forefeet. Armadillos have a large number of cheek teeth, which are not divided into premolars and molars, but usually have incisors or canines. The dentition of the nine-banded armadillo is P 7/7, M 1/1 = 32.

Gestation lasts from 60 to 120 days, depending on species, although the nine-banded armadillo also exhibits delayed implantation, so the young are not typically born for eight months after mating. Most members of the genus Dasypus give birth to four monozygotic young (that is, identical quadruplets), but other species may have typical litter sizes that range from one to eight. The young are born with soft, leathery skin, which hardens within a few weeks. They reach sexual maturity in three to 12 months, depending on the species. Armadillos are solitary animals that do not share their burrows with other adults.

Classification

Pink fairy armadillo

Order CINGULATA

• Family †Pampatheriidae: pampatheres
  • Genus †Machlydotherium
  • Genus †Kraglievichia
  • Genus †Vassallia
  • Genus †Plaina
  • Genus †Scirrotherium
  • Genus †Pampatherium
  • Genus †Holmesina
• Family †Glyptodontidae: glyptodonts
  • Genus †Doedicurus
  • Genus †Glyptodon
  • Genus †Glyptotherium
  • Genus †Hoplophorus
  • Genus †Panochthus
  • Genus †Parapropalaehoplophorus
  • Genus †Plaxhaplous
• Incertae sedis: †Pachyarmatherium
• Family Dasypodidae: armadillos
  • Subfamily Dasypodinae
    • Genus Dasypus
      Tatus or Guinean Beast
      • Nine-banded armadillo or long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus
      • Seven-banded armadillo, Dasypus septemcinctus
      • Southern long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus hybridus
      • Llanos long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus sabanicola
      • Great long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus kappleri
      • Hairy long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus pilosus
      • Yepes's mulita, Dasypus yepesi
      • †Beautiful armadillo, Dasypus bellus
    • Genus
      • †Stegotherium
  • Subfamily Euphractinae
    • Genus Calyptophractus
      • Greater fairy armadillo, Calyptophractus retusus
    • Genus Chaetophractus
      • Screaming hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus vellerosus
      • Big hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus villosus
      • Andean hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus nationi
    • Genus †Peltephilus
      • †Horned armadillo, Peltephilus ferox
    • Genus Chlamyphorus, Chlamyphorus truncatus
      Screaming hairy armadillo
      • Pink fairy armadillo, Chlamyphorus truncatus
    • Genus Euphractus
      • Six-banded armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus
    • Genus Zaedyus
      • Pichi, Zaedyus pichiy
  • Subfamily Tolypeutinae
    • Genus †Kuntinaru
    • Genus Cabassous
      • Northern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous centralis
      • Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous chacoensis
      • Southern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous unicinctus
      • Greater naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous tatouay
    • Genus Priodontes
      • Giant armadillo, Priodontes maximus
    • Genus Tolypeutes
      • Southern three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes matacus
      • Brazilian three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes tricinctus

† indicates extinct taxon

Armadillos and humans

In science

Armadillos are often used in the study of leprosy, since they, along with mangabey monkeys, rabbits and mice (on their footpads), are among the few known species that can contract the disease systemically. They are particularly susceptible due to their unusually low body temperature, which is hospitable to the leprosy bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae. (The leprosy bacterium is difficult to culture and armadillos have a body temperature of 34°C (93F), similar to human skin.) Humans can acquire a leprosy infection from armadillos by handling them or consuming armadillo meat. Armadillos are a presumed vector and natural reservoir for the disease in Texas and Louisiana. Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th century, leprosy was unknown in the New World. Given that armadillos are native to the New World, at some point they acquired the disease from humans.

The armadillo is also a natural reservoir for Chagas disease.

The nine-banded armadillo also serves science through its unusual reproductive system, in which four genetically identical offspring are born, the result of one original egg. Because they are always genetically identical, the group of four young provides a good subject for scientific, behavioral or medical tests that need consistent biological and genetic makeup in the test subjects. This is the only reliable manifestation of polyembryony in the class Mammalia, and only exists within the genus Dasypus and not in all armadillos, as is commonly believed. Other species that display this trait include parasitoid wasps, certain flatworms and various aquatic invertebrates.

Armadillos (mainly Dasypus) are common roadkill due to their habit of jumping three to four feet vertically when startled, which puts them into collision with the underside of vehicles. Wildlife enthusiasts are using the northward march of the armadillo as an opportunity to educate others about the animals, which can be a burrowing nuisance to property owners and managers.

As musical instruments

Main article: Charango

Armadillo shells have traditionally been used to make the back of the charango, an Andean lute instrument.

References

Further reading

• Gardner, A. (2005). In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. 

External links

• Photographs of armadillo rolling into a ball
• The dictionary definition of armadillo at Wiktionary

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. ハンセン病の疫学、微生物学、臨床症状、および診断 epidemiology microbiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of leprosy
• 2. スポロトリコーシスの基本的な生物学および疫学 basic biology and epidemiology of sporotrichosis
• 3. サシガメ（オオサシガメ属）による咬傷に対する反応 reactions to bites from kissing bugs primarily genus triatoma
• 4. 原発性両側副腎皮質大結節性過形成によるクッシング症候群 cushings syndrome due to primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia
• 5. パラコクシジオイデス症の菌類学および疫学 mycology and epidemiology of paracoccidioidomycosis

English Journal

• Thermally-induced structural changes in an armadillo repeat protein suggest a novel thermosensor mechanism in a molecular chaperone.

• Bujalowski PJ1, Nicholls P1, Barral JM2, Oberhauser AF3.
• FEBS letters.FEBS Lett.2015 Jan 2;589(1):123-30. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.034. Epub 2014 Nov 29.
• Molecular chaperones are commonly identified by their ability to suppress heat-induced protein aggregation. The muscle-specific molecular chaperone UNC-45B is known to be involved in myosin folding and is trafficked to the sarcomeres A-band during thermal stress. Here, we identify temperature-depend
• PMID 25436418

• The armadillo as an animal model and reservoir host for Mycobacterium leprae.

• Balamayooran G1, Pena M1, Sharma R1, Truman RW2.
• Clinics in dermatology.Clin Dermatol.2015 Jan-Feb;33(1):108-15. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.07.001.
• Apart from humans, armadillos are the only known natural hosts of Mycobacterium leprae. They are well developed as hosts for in vivo propagation of M leprae and are advancing as models for studying the pathogenesis of leprosy and translational research. Armadillos are immunologically intact. They ex
• PMID 25432816

• Mechanisms of nerve injury in leprosy.

• Scollard DM1, Truman RW2, Ebenezer GJ3.
• Clinics in dermatology.Clin Dermatol.2015 Jan-Feb;33(1):46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.07.008.
• All patients with leprosy have some degree of nerve involvement. Perineural inflammation is the histopathologic hallmark of leprosy, and this localization may reflect a vascular route of entry of Mycobacterium leprae into nerves. Once inside nerves, M leprae are ingested by Schwann cells, with a wid
• PMID 25432810

Japanese Journal

• 水産業支援のための漁獲位置記録システム

• デジタルプラクティス 9(1), 218-238, 2018-01-15
• NAID 170000149594

• Whole-genome sequencing revealed armadillo repeat containing 5 (ARMC5) mutation in a Chinese family with ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia

• Endocrine Journal 65(3), 269-279, 2018
• NAID 130006575627

• Crystal structure of importin-a3 bound to the nuclear localization signal of Ran-binding protein 3

• BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 491(3), 609-613, 2017-09-23
• NAID 120006370575

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アルマジロ」
拡張検索	「armadillo motif」「armadillo domain protein」「armadillo repeat」

「アルマジロ」

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英

armadillo

関

らい菌

「armadillo motif」

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• アルマジロモチーフ

• armadillo repeat

「armadillo domain protein」

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アルマジロドメインタンパク質

「armadillo repeat」

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アルマジロリピート