関: Augmentin

WordNet

the act of combining things to form a new whole (同)combining, compounding
the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
a coordinated sequence of chess moves
a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose; "they were a winning combination"
a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock; "he forgot the combination to the safe"
an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group; oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts violently with water; is abundant in nature in combined forms occurring in sea water and in carnallite and kainite and sylvite (同)K, atomic number 19
an antibiotic; a semisynthetic oral penicillin (trade names Amoxil and Larotid and Polymox and Trimox and Augmentin) used to treat bacterial infections (同)Amoxil, Larotid, Polymox, Trimox, Augmentin

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…の)『結合』,組み合わせ;〈C〉(…の)組み合わされたもの,結合体《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…との)『連合』,団結,共同,提携;〈C〉連合体,共同体,組合《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈C〉=combination lock / 《複数形で》(また《話》coms)コンビネーション(上下続きの肌着)
ポタシウム,カリウム(金属元素;化学記号はK)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/04 22:36:15」(JST)

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Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (INN) or co-amoxiclav (BAN) is a combination antibiotic consisting of amoxicillin trihydrate, a β-lactam antibiotic, and potassium clavulanate, a β-lactamase inhibitor. This combination results in an antibiotic with an increased spectrum of action and restored efficacy against amoxicillin-resistant bacteria that produce β-lactamase.

Unlike co-trimoxazole, the BAN has not been widely adopted internationally. Trade names include Augmentin (by GlaxoSmithKline),^[1] Clavamox (by Pfizer), and many others.

Medical uses[edit]

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is widely used to treat many infections caused by susceptible bacteria, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and infections caused by the bacterial flora of the mouth, such as dental infections, infected animal bites, and infected human bites (including uncomplicated "clenched-fist" or "reverse-bite" injuries).^[1]^[2]

Adverse effects[edit]

Possible side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, thrush, and a skin rash. These do not usually require medical attention. As with all antimicrobial agents, antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile ("C. diff'") infection—sometimes leading to pseudomembranous colitis—may occur during or after treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.^[2]

Rarely, cholestatic jaundice (also referred to as cholestatic hepatitis, a form of liver toxicity) has been associated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The reaction may occur up to several weeks after treatment has stopped, and usually takes weeks to resolve. It is more frequent in men, older people, and those who have taken long courses of treatment; the estimated overall incidence is 1 in 100,000 exposures.^[2] In the United Kingdom, co-amoxiclav carries a warning from the Committee on Safety of Medicines to this effect.^[1]

As all aminopenicillins, amoxicillin has been associated with Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, although these reactions are very rare.^[2]^[3]

History[edit]

The combination was invented around 1977/78 by British scientists working at Beecham (now part of GlaxoSmithKline), which filed for US patent protection for the drug combination in 1979. A patent was granted in 1984.^[4] Augmentin is the original name used by its inventor.

Preparations[edit]

Many branded products indicate their strengths as the quantity of amoxicillin. Augmentin 250 for example contains 250 mg of amoxicillin and 125 mg of Clavulanic acid.^[1]^[5]

An intravenous preparation has been available in the UK since 1985,^[6] but there is no parenteral preparation available in the US; the nearest equivalent is ampicillin/sulbactam.

Suspensions of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid are available for use in children. They must be refrigerated to maintain effectiveness.

Veterinary use[edit]

The amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination is also used in the treatment of, among other infections, periodontitis and kennel cough^[7]^[8] in dogs; urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections in cats; enteritis and navel ill in calves; respiratory tract infections, soft tissue infections, metritis and mastitis in cattle; respiratory tract infections, colibacillosis, mastitis, metritis and agalactia in pigs. In combination with prednisolone it is used for intra-mammary infusion for the treatment of mastitis in lactating cows. Trade names include Clavaseptin, Clavamox and Synulox.

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is banned from use in domestic-food animals (cattle, swine, etc.) in both the US and Europe, in the UK synulox can be used in "domestic-food animals" as long as a specified withdrawal period is adhered to.

Bacterial resistance[edit]

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in veterinary medicine. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is reported to be effective against clinical Klebsiella infections, but is not efficacious against Pseudomonas infections.^[9]

Trade names[edit]

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Julmentin 2x (Julphar ,UAE)NB:- Now available in EGYPT
Amoclav (Rowex Ltd., Ireland)
Amoklavin-BID (deva, Turkey)
Amoksiklav (by Novartis Slovenia, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria)
Amorion Comp (by Orion Corporation Finland)
AMOX/K CLAV (875 mg, Sandoz; US)
Amoxi Clav (Canada)
Amoxicilina-Clavulánico (Spain)
Amoxicillin-clavulanate (rINN)
Amoxicilline-clavulanique (France)
Amoxiclav (by Teva; Belgium, Israel)
Amoxycillin-clavulanate (US)
AugMaxcil (Triomed; South Africa)
Augmentin (GlaxoSmithKline originally Beecham; Hungary)
Augpen (Zuventus; India)
Clamovid (Hovid)
Clamoxyl Duo Oral Suspension (Australia)

CLAMP (Dr. Reddy's, India)^[10]
Clavamox (Sandoz, Austria)
Clavituf (Intas, India)
Clavulin (Canada, Brazil)
Co-amoxiclav (UK, KSA, Ireland, South Africa, Iran)
Curam (Singapore)
Clavam (Alkem Laboratories Ltd; India)

Enhancin (Ranbaxy, Malaysia)
Finemox (Finecure, India)^[11]
Klamentin (CTCP Duoc Hau Giang, Vietnam)
Klamoks ( Bilim Pharmeceuticals, Turkey)
Klavocin (Pliva - Croatia)
Klavon ( Bilim Pharmeceuticals, Turkey)
Mega-CV (Aristo, India)
Magnabiotic (Egypt, Sedico)
MoxClav (Ranbaxy, India)
Moxiclav Duo (Australia)
Moxikind (Mankind Pharma, India)
Noroclav (Norbrook, UK)
Panklav (Hemofarm - Serbia)
Polyclav 625 (India)
Ratio Aclavulanate 500/125 (Canada) AMC 500/125 (with potassium clavulanate)
xcilan (ovia pharma pvt. ltd. India)
Xiclav (GL-Pharma, Austria)
Аугментин (Russia)
Zakutex (South Korea)
Alviclav 625 (Alvis Health Care, India)

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d British National Formulary (57 ed.). March 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gordon D (2010). "Amoxicillin–Clavulanic Acid (Co-Amoxiclav)". In Grayson ML et al (eds). Kucers' the Use of Antibiotics: a Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiparasitic and Antiviral Drugs. London: Hodder Arnold/ASM Press. pp. 193–4. ISBN 0-340-92767-4.
^ Harr T, French LE (2010). "Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome". Orphanet J Rare Dis 5: 39. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-5-39. PMC 3018455. PMID 21162721.
^ US 4441609
^ "Augmentin -- Prescribing Information" (PDF). December 2006.
^ Davies BE, Boon R, Horton R, Reubi FC, Descoeudres CE (October 1988). "Pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid in haemodialysis patients following intravenous administration of Augmentin". Br J Clin Pharmacol 26 (4): 385–90. PMC 1386558. PMID 3190988.
^ "Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)". Archived from the original on 2006-05-21. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
^ "Kennel Cough - Symptoms and Treatment". Retrieved 2013-05-30.
^ Federation of Veterinarians in Europe Position Paper: Antibiotic Resistance & Prudent Use of Antibiotics in Veterinary Medicine
^ "India Product List". Dr. Reddy's. Retrieved 2011-07-24.
^ "Amoxy Clav Formulations". Finecurepharmaceuticalsltd. Retrieved 2012-03-27.

http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/print/lexicomp/amoxicillin%20and%20clavulanate%20potassium.html

External links[edit]

Augmentin website GlaxoSmithKline

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「アモキシシリン・クラブラン酸」

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
Combination of
Amoxicillin	Penicillin antibiotic
Clavulanic acid	Beta-lactamase inhibitor
Clinical data
Trade names	Augmentin
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a685024
Licence data	US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat.	B (US)
Legal status	POM (UK) ℞-only (US)
Routes	oral, intravenous
Identifiers
CAS number	74469-00-4
ATC code	J01CR02
PubChem	CID 6435923
ChemSpider	4940608
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1697738
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