WordNet
- of critical importance and consequence; "an acute (or critical) lack of research funds"
- having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions; "an acute observer of politics and politicians"; "incisive comments"; "icy knifelike reasoning"; "as sharp and incisive as the stroke of a fang"; "penetrating insight"; "frequent penetrative observations" (同)discriminating, incisive, keen, knifelike, penetrating, penetrative, piercing, sharp
- extremely sharp or intense; "acute pain"; "felt acute annoyance"; "intense itching and burning" (同)intense
- having or experiencing a rapid onset and short but severe course; "acute appendicitis"; "the acute phase of the illness"; "acute patients"
- of an angle; less than 90 degrees
- an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose (usually associated with nasal discharge) (同)coryza
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (先の)『鋭い』,とがった / (痛み・感情などが)『激しい』,強い / (知力・感覚などが)『鋭い』,鋭敏な / (事態が)重大な / (病気が)急性の / (音が)高い,鋭い / 鋭角の
- 鼻炎
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/28 22:02:21」(JST)
wiki en
| Common cold | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
|
A representation of the molecular surface of one variant of human rhinovirus.
|
|
| ICD-10 | J00 |
| ICD-9 | 460 |
| DiseasesDB | 31088 |
| MedlinePlus | 000678 |
| eMedicine | med/2339 |
| Patient UK | Common cold |
| MeSH | D003139 |
The common cold (also known as nasopharyngitis, rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza,[1] head cold, or simply a cold) is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract which primarily affects the nose.
Symptoms include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, and fever which usually resolve in seven to ten days, with some symptoms lasting up to three weeks. Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in the cause of the common cold; the rhinoviruses are the most common.
Upper respiratory tract infections are loosely divided by the areas they affect, with the common cold primarily affecting the nose, the throat (pharyngitis), and the sinuses (sinusitis), occasionally involving either or both eyes via conjunctivitis. Symptoms are mostly due to the body's immune response to the infection rather than to tissue destruction by the viruses themselves. The primary method of prevention is by hand washing with some evidence to support the effectiveness of wearing face masks. The common cold may occasionally lead to pneumonia, either viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.
No cure for the common cold exists, but the symptoms can be treated. It is the most frequent infectious disease in humans with the average adult getting two to three colds a year and the average child getting between six and twelve. These infections have been with humanity since antiquity.[2]
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 1.1 Progression
- 2 Cause
- 2.1 Virology
- 2.2 Transmission
- 2.3 Weather
- 2.4 Other
- 3 Pathophysiology
- 4 Diagnosis
- 5 Prevention
- 6 Management
- 6.1 Symptomatic
- 6.2 Antibiotics and antivirals
- 6.3 Alternative medicine
- 7 Prognosis
- 8 Epidemiology
- 9 History
- 10 Society and culture
- 11 Research directions
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Signs and symptoms
The typical symptoms of a cold include a cough, a runny nose, nasal congestion and a sore throat, sometimes accompanied by muscle ache, fatigue, headache, and loss of appetite.[3] A sore throat is present in about 40% of the cases and a cough in about 50%,[4] while muscle ache occurs in about half.[5] In adults, a fever is generally not present but it is common in infants and young children.[5] The cough is usually mild compared to that accompanying influenza.[5] While a cough and a fever indicate a higher likelihood of influenza in adults, a great deal of similarity exists between these two conditions.[6] A number of the viruses that cause the common cold may also result in asymptomatic infections.[7][8] The color of the sputum or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the infection.[9]
Progression
A cold usually begins with fatigue, a feeling of being chilled, sneezing and a headache, followed in a couple of days by a runny nose and cough.[3] Symptoms may begin within 16 hours of exposure[10] and typically peak two to four days after onset.[5][11] They usually resolve in seven to ten days but some can last for up to three weeks.[12] The average duration of cough is 18 days[13] and in some cases people develop a post-viral cough which can linger after the infection is gone.[14] In children, the cough lasts for more than ten days in 35–40% of the cases and continues for more than 25 days in 10%.[15]
Cause
Virology
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses known for causing the common cold. They have a halo, or crown-like (corona) appearance when viewed under an electron microscope.
The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. The most commonly implicated virus is a rhinovirus (30–80%), a type of picornavirus with 99 known serotypes.[16][17] Others include: human coronavirus (~15%),[18][19] influenza viruses (10-15%),[20] adenoviruses (5%),[20] human parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses other than rhinoviruses, and metapneumovirus.[21] Frequently more than one virus is present.[22] In total over 200 different viral types are associated with colds.[5]
Transmission
The common cold virus is typically transmitted via airborne droplets (aerosols), direct contact with infected nasal secretions, or fomites (contaminated objects).[4][23] Which of these routes is of primary importance has not been determined; however, hand-to-hand and hand-to-surface-to-hand contact seems of more importance than transmission via aerosols.[24] The viruses may survive for prolonged periods in the environment (over 18 hours for rhinoviruses) and can be picked up by people's hands and subsequently carried to their eyes or nose where infection occurs.[23] Transmission is common in daycare and at school due to the proximity of many children with little immunity and frequently poor hygiene.[25] These infections are then brought home to other members of the family.[25] There is no evidence that recirculated air during commercial flight is a method of transmission.[23] However, people sitting in close proximity appear at greater risk.[24] Rhinovirus-caused colds are most infectious during the first three days of symptoms; they are much less infectious afterwards.[26]
Weather
The traditional folk theory is that a cold can be "caught" by prolonged exposure to cold weather such as rain or winter conditions, which is how the disease got its name.[27] Some of the viruses that cause the common colds are seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold or wet weather.[28] The reason for the seasonality has not been conclusively determined.[29] This may occur due to cold induced changes in the respiratory system,[30] decreased immune response,[31] and low humidity increasing viral transmission rates, perhaps due to dry air allowing small viral droplets to disperse farther and stay in the air longer.[32] It may be due to social factors, such as people spending more time indoors, near an infected person,[30] and specifically children at school.[25][29] There is some controversy over the role of low body temperature as a risk factor for the common cold; the majority of the evidence suggests that it may result in greater susceptibility to infection.[31]
Other
Herd immunity, generated from previous exposure to cold viruses, plays an important role in limiting viral spread, as seen with younger populations that have greater rates of respiratory infections.[33] Poor immune function is also a risk factor for disease.[33][34] Insufficient sleep and malnutrition have been associated with a greater risk of developing infection following rhinovirus exposure; this is believed to be due to their effects on immune function.[35][36] Breast feeding decreases the risk of acute otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections among other diseases[37] and it is recommended that breast feeding be continued when an infant has a cold.[38] In the developed world breast feeding may not however be protective against the common cold in and of itself.[39]
Pathophysiology
The common cold is a disease of the upper respiratory tract.
The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be primarily related to the immune response to the virus.[40] The mechanism of this immune response is virus specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact; it binds to human ICAM-1 receptors through unknown mechanisms to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators.[40] These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms.[40] It does not generally cause damage to the nasal epithelium.[5] The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) on the other hand is contracted by both direct contact and airborne droplets. It then replicates in the nose and throat before frequently spreading to the lower respiratory tract.[41] RSV does cause epithelium damage.[41] Human parainfluenza virus typically results in inflammation of the nose, throat, and bronchi.[42] In young children when it affects the trachea it may produce the symptoms of croup due to the small size of their airway.[42]
Diagnosis
The distinction between different viral upper respiratory tract infections is loosely based on the location of symptoms with the common cold affecting primarily the nose, pharyngitis the throat, and bronchitis the lungs.[4] However there can be significant overlap and multiple areas can be affected.[4] The common cold is frequently defined as nasal inflammation with varying amount of throat inflammation.[43] Self-diagnosis is frequent.[5] Isolation of the actual viral agent involved is rarely performed,[43] and it is generally not possible to identify the virus type through symptoms.[5]
Prevention
The only possibly useful ways to reduce the spread of cold viruses are physical measures[44] such as hand washing and face masks; in the healthcare environment, gowns and disposable gloves are also used.[44] Isolation, e.g. quarantine, is not possible as the disease is so widespread and symptoms are non-specific. Vaccination has proved difficult as there are so many viruses involved and they mutate rapidly.[44] Creation of a broadly effective vaccine is thus highly improbable.[45]
Regular hand washing appears to be effective in reducing the transmission of cold viruses, especially among children.[46] Whether the addition of antivirals or antibacterials to normal hand washing provides greater benefit is unknown.[46] Wearing face masks when around people who are infected may be beneficial; however, there is insufficient evidence for maintaining a greater social distance.[46] Zinc supplements may help to reduce the prevalence of colds.[47] Routine vitamin C supplements do not reduce the risk or severity of the common cold, though they may reduce its duration.[48]
Management
Poster encouraging citizens to "Consult your Physician" for treatment of the common cold
No medications or herbal remedies have been conclusively demonstrated to shorten the duration of infection.[49] Treatment thus comprises symptomatic relief.[50] Getting plenty of rest, drinking fluids to maintain hydration, and gargling with warm salt water, are reasonable conservative measures.[21] Much of the benefit from treatment is however attributed to the placebo effect.[51]
Symptomatic
Treatments that help alleviate symptoms include simple analgesics and antipyretics such as ibuprofen[52] and acetaminophen/paracetamol.[53] Evidence does not show that cough medicines are any more effective than simple analgesics[54] and they are not recommended for use in children due to a lack of evidence supporting effectiveness and the potential for harm.[55][56] In 2009, Canada restricted the use of over-the-counter cough and cold medication in children six years and under due to concerns regarding risks and unproven benefits.[55] In adults there is insufficient evidence to support the use of cough medications.[57] The misuse of dextromethorphan (an over-the-counter cough medicine) has led to its ban in a number of countries.[58]
In adults the symptoms of a runny nose can be reduced by first-generation antihistamines; however, these sometimes have adverse effects such as drowsiness.[50] Other decongestants such as pseudoephedrine are also effective in adults.[59] Ipratropium nasal spray may reduce the symptoms of a runny nose but has little effect on stuffiness.[60] Second-generation antihistamines however do not appear to be effective.[61]
Due to lack of studies, it is not known whether increased fluid intake improves symptoms or shortens respiratory illness[62] and a similar lack of data exists for the use of heated humidified air.[63] One study has found chest vapor rub to provide some relief of nocturnal cough, congestion, and sleep difficulty.[64]
Antibiotics and antivirals
Antibiotics have no effect against viral infections and thus have no effect against the viruses that cause the common cold.[65] Due to their side effects, antibiotics cause overall harm, but are still frequently prescribed.[65][66] Some of the reasons that antibiotics are so commonly prescribed include people's expectations for them, physicians' desire to help, and the difficulty in excluding complications that may be amenable to antibiotics.[67] There are no effective antiviral drugs for the common cold even though some preliminary research has shown benefits.[50][68]
Alternative medicine
While there are many alternative treatments used for the common cold, there is insufficient scientific evidence to support the use of most.[50] As of 2010 there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against either honey or nasal irrigation.[69][70] Zinc has been used to treat symptoms, with studies suggesting that zinc, if taken within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms, reduces the duration and severity of the common cold in otherwise healthy people.[47] Due to wide differences between the studies, further research may be needed to determine how and when zinc may be effective.[71] Whereas the zinc lozenges may produce side effects, there is only a weak rationale for physicians to recommend zinc for the treatment of the common cold.[72] Vitamin C's effect on the common cold, while extensively researched, is disappointing, except in limited circumstances, specifically, individuals exercising vigorously in cold environments.[48][73] There is no firm evidence that Echinacea products provide any meaningful benefit in treating or preventing colds.[74] It is unknown if garlic is effective.[75] A single trial of vitamin D did not find benefit.[76]
Prognosis
The common cold is generally mild and self-limiting with most symptoms generally improving in a week.[4] Half of cases go away in 10 days and 90% in 15 days.[77] Severe complications, if they occur, are usually in the very old, the very young, or those who are immunosuppressed.[78] Secondary bacterial infections may occur resulting in sinusitis, pharyngitis, or an ear infection.[79] It is estimated that sinusitis occurs in 8% and an ear infection in 30% of cases.[80]
Epidemiology
The common cold is the most common human disease,[78] and affects people all over the globe.[25] Adults typically have two to five infections annually[4][5] and children may have six to ten colds a year (and up to twelve colds a year for school children).[50] Rates of symptomatic infections increase in the elderly due to a worsening immune system.[33]
Native Americans and Inuit are more likely to be infected with colds and develop complications such as otitis media more often than Caucasians.[20] This may be explained by issues such as poverty and overcrowding rather than by ethnicity.[20]
History
A British poster from World War II describing the cost of the common cold[81]
While the cause of the common cold has only been identified since the 1950s the disease has been with humanity since antiquity.[2] Its symptoms and treatment are described in the Egyptian Ebers papyrus, the oldest existing medical text, written before the 16th century BCE.[82] The name "cold" came into use in the 16th century, due to the similarity between its symptoms and those of exposure to cold weather.[83]
In the United Kingdom, the Common Cold Unit was set up by the Medical Research Council in 1946 and it was here that the rhinovirus was discovered in 1956.[84] In the 1970s, the CCU demonstrated that treatment with interferon during the incubation phase of rhinovirus infection protects somewhat against the disease,[85] but no practical treatment could be developed. The unit was closed in 1989, two years after it completed research of zinc gluconate lozenges in the prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds, the only successful treatment in the history of the unit.[86]
Society and culture
The economic impact of the common cold is not well understood in much of the world.[80] In the United States, the common cold leads to 75–100 million physician visits annually at a conservative cost estimate of $7.7 billion per year. Americans spend $2.9 billion on over-the-counter drugs and another $400 million on prescription medicines for symptomatic relief.[87] More than one-third of people who saw a doctor received an antibiotic prescription, which has implications for antibiotic resistance.[87] An estimated 22–189 million school days are missed annually due to a cold. As a result, parents missed 126 million workdays to stay home to care for their children. When added to the 150 million workdays missed by employees suffering from a cold, the total economic impact of cold-related work loss exceeds $20 billion per year.[21][87] This accounts for 40% of time lost from work in the United States.[88]
Research directions
A number of antivirals have been tested for effectiveness in the common cold; however as of 2009 none have been both found effective and licensed for use.[68] There are ongoing trials of the anti-viral drug pleconaril which shows promise against picornaviruses as well as trials of BTA-798.[89] The oral form of pleconaril had safety issues and an aerosol form is being studied.[89]
DRACO, a broad-spectrum antiviral therapy being developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has shown preliminary effectiveness in treating rhinovirus, as well as a number of other infectious viruses.[90][91]
Researchers from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore and the University of Wisconsin–Madison have sequenced the genome for all known human rhinovirus strains.[92]
References
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In this review, there was a high level of heterogeneity between the studies that were pooled to determine the effect of zinc on the duration of cold symptoms. This may suggest that it was inappropriate to pool them. It certainly makes this particular finding less conclusive.
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- ^ a b Eccles p. 1
- ^ Eccles p. 76
- ^ a b Eccles p. 90
- ^ "The Cost of the Common Cold and Influenza". Imperial War Museum: Posters of Conflict. vads.
- ^ Eccles p. 6
- ^ "Cold". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 12 January 2008.
- ^ Eccles p. 20
- ^ Tyrrell DA (1987). "Interferons and their clinical value". Rev. Infect. Dis. 9 (2): 243–9. doi:10.1093/clinids/9.2.243. PMID 2438740.
- ^ Al-Nakib W; Higgins, P.G.; Barrow, I.; Batstone, G.; Tyrrell, D.A.J. (December 1987). "Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges". J Antimicrob Chemother. 20 (6): 893–901. doi:10.1093/jac/20.6.893. PMID 3440773.
- ^ a b c Fendrick AM, Monto AS, Nightengale B, Sarnes M (2003). "The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States". Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (4): 487–94. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.4.487. PMID 12588210.
- ^ Kirkpatrick GL (December 1996). "The common cold". Prim. Care 23 (4): 657–75. doi:10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70355-9. PMID 8890137.
- ^ a b Eccles p. 226
- ^ Rider TH, Zook CE, Boettcher TL, Wick ST, Pancoast JS, Zusman BD (2011). Sambhara, Suryaprakash, ed. "Broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics". PLoS ONE 6 (7): e22572. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022572. PMC 3144912. PMID 21818340.
- ^ Fiona Macrae (11 August 2011). "Greatest discovery since penicillin: A cure for everything – from colds to HIV". The Daily Mail. UK.
- ^ Val Willingham (12 February 2009). "Genetic map of cold virus a step toward cure, scientists say". CNN. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
- Notes
- Ronald Eccles, Olaf Weber (eds) (2009). Common cold. Basel: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-7643-9894-1.
External links
| Medicine portal | |
| Viruses portal |
- Media related to Common cold at Wikimedia Commons
- Common cold at DMOZ
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 鼻炎の概要 an overview of rhinitis
- 2. アレルギー性鼻炎：臨床症状、疫学、および診断 allergic rhinitis clinical manifestations epidemiology and diagnosis
- 3. 成人における急性副鼻腔炎および鼻副鼻腔炎：治療 acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis in adults treatment
- 4. アレルギー性鼻炎の薬物療法 pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis
- 5. アレルギー性鼻炎および結膜炎に対する補完代替療法 complementary and alternative therapies for allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis
English Journal
- Carbohydrate clearance receptors in transfusion medicine.
- Sørensen AL, Clausen H, Wandall HH.AbstractBACKGROUND: Complex carbohydrates play important functions for circulation of proteins and cells. They provide protective shields and refraction from non-specific interactions with negative charges from sialic acids to enhance circulatory half-life. For recombinant protein therapeutics carbohydrates are especially important to enhance size and reduce glomerular filtration loss. Carbohydrates are, however, also ligands for a large number of carbohydrate-binding lectins exposed to the circulatory system that serve as scavenger receptors for the innate immune system, or have more specific roles in targeting of glycoproteins and cells.
- Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2012 Nov;1820(11):1797-808. Epub 2012 Jul 27.
- BACKGROUND: Complex carbohydrates play important functions for circulation of proteins and cells. They provide protective shields and refraction from non-specific interactions with negative charges from sialic acids to enhance circulatory half-life. For recombinant protein therapeutics carbohydrates
- PMID 22846227
Japanese Journal
- A Survey of Infant Chronic Rhinitis and the Onset of Perennial Allergic Rhinitis
- Mori Shigehito
- 耳鼻咽喉科臨床 補冊 141(0), 34-36, 2015
- … Infant chronic rhinitis (ICR) is frequently encountered in routine clinical practice in the otorhinolaryngology department, but its detailed pathology is unknown.In this study, 3396 children aged 6 or younger who initially visited MORI Otorhinolaryngology & Allergy Clinic were analyzed, 82.2% of whom chiefly complained of nasal symptoms. …
- NAID 130005077960
- 咳嗽の客観的評価
- 平井 康太
- 日本小児アレルギー学会誌 29(1), 73-78, 2015
- 日常診療の場で最も遭遇する主訴のひとつである咳嗽は患児だけではなく，保護者のQOLも著しく悪化させるといえる．近年，喘息のガイドラインが作成され，これにより喘息患者のQOLは向上しているが，持続する咳嗽についてはいまだ十分といえる状況とはいえない．日本小児呼吸器学会より小児の「咳嗽診療ガイドライン」が作成され成人の分類に従い，咳嗽は持続する期間によって，急性咳嗽，遷延性咳嗽，慢性咳嗽に分類されてい …
- NAID 130005074485
- Safety and efficacy of fluticasone furoate nasal spray in Japanese children 2 to <15 years of age with perennial allergic rhinitis: A multicentre, open-label trial
- Okubo Kimihiro,Okamasa Arisa,Honma Gosuke,Komatsubara Masaki
- Allergology International 64(1), 60-65, 2015
- … Background: Fluticasone furoate nasal spray (FFNS) is a glucocorticoid developed for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). … The most commonly reported adverse events were nasopharyngitis and acute sinusitis (acute rhinosinusitis). …
- NAID 130004873122
Related Links
- rhinitis [ri-ni´tis] inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose; it may be either mild and chronic or acute. Viruses, bacteria, and allergens are responsible for its varied manifestations. Often a viral rhinitis is complicated by a ...
- Symptoms of Acute rhinitis including 7 medical symptoms and signs of Acute rhinitis, alternative diagnoses, misdiagnosis, and correct diagnosis for Acute rhinitis signs or Acute rhinitis symptoms.
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「急性鼻炎」 |
| 関連記事 | 「acute」「rhinitis」 |
「急性鼻炎」
- 同
- 濾胞はなかぜ濾胞
「acute」
- adj.
- (疾患)急性の、急性型の、急性的な。(形状が)鋭い、鋭角の。(感覚、才知などが)鋭い。明敏な、鋭い眼識のある。
「rhinitis」
- 関
- allergic rhinitis, hayfever