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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/12 22:54:38」(JST)

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Cetirizine /sɛˈtɪrɨziːn/ is a second-generation^[1] antihistamine used in the treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and urticaria. It is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, and a racemic selective H₁ receptor inverse agonist.

Availability[edit]

Formerly prescription-only in the USA and Canada, cetirizine is now available over-the-counter in both countries^[2] as Zyrtec and Reactine, respectively. Zyrtec was the highest-grossing new non-food product of 2008 in the US, generating sales of $315.9 million.^[3] It is also available as a generic drug. In Turkey, Australia and New Zealand, Zyrtec is available over-the-counter in pharmacies and in the UK and The Netherlands cetirizine can be sold in limited quantities off-the-shelf in any outlet and is often available in supermarkets. As of 2009^[update], Germany made many generic drugs containing cetirizine available in pharmacies without prescription.^[4] Norway, Sweden,^[5] Finland, Poland and Israel also recognize Cetirizine as an over-the-counter medicine. In India, it is sold over-the-counter as brand-name "CTZ" (formerly called "Cetzine"), even though it remains classified as a Schedule H (prescription) drug.^[6] India also classifies Cetirizine as an OTC drug, and uses it as an alternative to Pheniramine (Avil) which is no longer provided OTC in India.

Pharmacology[edit]

Cetirizine crosses the blood–brain barrier only slightly, reducing the sedative side-effect common with older antihistamines.^[7] It has also been shown to inhibit eosinophil chemotaxis and LTB4 release. At a dosage of 20 mg, Boone et al. found that it inhibited the expression of VCAM-1 in patients with atopic dermatitis.^[8] Unlike many other antihistamines, Cetirizine does not exhibit anticholinergic properties.^[9]

The levorotary enantiomer of cetirizine, known as levocetirizine, is the more active form.

L-Stereoisomer, levocetirizine (top) and D-stereoisomer of cetirizine

Administration method and metabolism[edit]

Chewable, non-chewable, and syrup forms of cetirizine are similarly absorbed rapidly and effectively, with absorbed food minutely affecting the absorption rate which yields a peak serum level one hour after administration;^[10] in a study of healthy volunteers prescribed 10 mg tablets, once daily for 10 days, a mean peak serum level of 311 ng/mL was observed.^[11] The metabolic effects of cetirizine are long acting, remaining in the system for a maximum of 21 hours before being excreted; the average elimination half-life is 8 hours. About 70% of the drug is removed through urination, of which half is observed as unchanged cetirizine compound. Another 10% is excreted.^[10]^[11]

Like many other antihistamine medications, cetirizine is commonly prescribed in combination with pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, a decongestant. These combinations are marketed using the same brand name as the cetirizine with a "-D" suffix (Zyrtec-D, Virlix-D, etc.)

Indications[edit]

Allergies[edit]

Cetirizine's primary indication is for hay fever and other allergies. Because the symptoms of itching and redness in these conditions are caused by histamine acting on the H1 receptor, blocking those receptors temporarily relieves those symptoms.

Cetirizine is also commonly prescribed to treat acute and (in particular cases) chronic urticaria, more efficiently than any other second-generation antihistamine. It is preferred over diphenhydramine in many countries because, while being as effective as it for treating hives-related skin diseases, cetirizine does not affect the regular functioning of the brain.

Rhinovirus infection[edit]

Interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 have been shown to be elevated in acute respiratory distress syndrome.^[12] Cetirizine contains L- and D-stereoisomers. Chemically, levocetirizine is the active L-enantiomer of cetirizine. One recent study of airway epithelial cells showed that Levocetirizine may have beneficial effects on the pathophysiologic changes related to human rhinovirus (HRV) infection.^[13] Airway inflammation caused from a cytokine storm secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome could also theoretically benefit.

Kimura's disease[edit]

Cetirizine is an effective agent in treating the symptoms of Kimura's disease, which mostly occurs in young Asian men, affecting the lymph nodes and soft tissue of the head and neck in the form of tumor-like lesions. Cetirizine's properties of being effective both in the treatment of pruritus (itching) and as an anti-inflammatory agent make it suitable for the treatment of the pruritus associated with these lesions.^[14] In a 2005 study, the American College of Rheumatology conducted treatments initially using prednisone, followed by steroid dosages and azathioprine, omeprazole, and calcium and vitamin D supplements over the course of two years.^[14] The skin condition of the patient began to improve and the skin lesions lessened. However, there were symptoms of cushingoid and hirsutism observed before the patient was removed from the courses of steroids and placed on 10 mg/day of cetirizine to prevent skin lesions;^[14] an agent suitable for the treatment of pruritus associated with such lesions.^[14] Asymptomatically, the patient's skin lesions disappeared after treatment with cetirizine, blood eosinophil counts became normal,^[14] corticosteroid effects were resolved,^[14] and a remission began within a period of two months.^[14] It is also thought that the inhibition of eosinophils may be the key to treatment of Kimura's disease due to the role of eosinophils, rather than other cells with regards to the lesions of the skin.^[14]

Side effects[edit]

Dryness of the mouth, nose and throat, drowsiness, urinary retention, blurred vision, nightmares and headaches are commonly reported side effects of this drug (in over 40% of the patients). Stomach aches are usually rare, but mostly present in patients with lactose intolerance.^[15] Cetirizine does not block the action of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, even though these side effects can occur in some patients. Also, cetirizine does not have antidopaminergic properties. In 2012, the FDA added cetirizine in Drugs to Watch List for oculogyric crisis.^[16]

Patients report that going off the drug can cause intense itching and hives.

Synthesis[edit]

The following synthesis of this compound was reported in 1985:^[17]

References[edit]

^ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/561316
^ Payne, January W (2008-01-09). "Over-the-Counter Zyrtec: a Money-Saver?". U.S. News & World Report.
^ Elliott, Stuart (24 March 2009). "A Strategy When Times Are Tough: "It's New!"". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
^ "Cetirizin".
^ "Cetirizin".
^ Drugs and Cosmetics (2nd amendment) rules, 2006. item 104 in schedule H.
^ Gupta, A; Chatelain P, Massingham R, Jonsson EN, Hammarlund-Udenaes M (February 2006). "Brain distribution of cetirizine enantiomers: comparison of three different tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients: K(p), K(p,u), and K(p,uu)". Drug Metab. Dispos. 34 (2): 318–23. doi:10.1124/dmd.105.007211. PMID 16303872.
^ Boone M, Lespagnard L, Renard N, Song M, Rihoux JP (July 2000). "Adhesion molecule profiles in atopic dermatitis vs. allergic contact dermatitis: pharmacological modulation by cetirizine". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 14 (4): 263–6. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00017.x. PMID 11204513. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
^ Orzechowski, RF; DS Currie, CA Valancius (4). "Comparative anticholinergic activities of 10 histamine H1 receptor antagonists in two functional models.". European Journal of Pharmacology 506 (3): 257–264. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.006. PMID 15627436. Check date values in: |date= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b Anderson, Philip; Knoben, James E.; Troutman, William G. (2002). Handbook of clinical drug data. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 807. ISBN 0-07-136362-9. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Zyrtec prescribing information". May 2006. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
^ Chollet-Martin, S; Montravers, P; Gibert, C; Elbim, C; Desmonts, JM; Fagon, JY; Gougerot-Pocidalo, MA (1993). "High levels of interleukin-8 in the blood and alveolar spaces of patients with pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome". Infection and immunity 61 (11): 4553–9. PMC 281204. PMID 8406851.
^ Jang YJ, Wang JH, Kim JS, Kwon HJ, Yeo NK, Lee BJ (March 2009). "Levocetirizine inhibits rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 and cytokine expression and viral replication in airway epithelial cells". Antiviral Res. 81 (3): 226–33. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.12.001. PMID 19110001.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Ben-Chetrit E, Amir G, Shalit M (February 2005). "Cetirizine: An effective agent in Kimura's disease". Arthritis Rheum. 53 (1): 117–8. doi:10.1002/art.20908. PMID 15696573.
^ British National Formulary (BNF) 61. 2011.
^ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/773081?src=mp
^ US patent 4525358, Baltes E, De Lannoy J, Rodriguez L, "2-[4-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-acetic acids and their amides", issued 1985-06-25, assigned to UCB Pharmaceuticals, Inc

Books and journals[edit]

Anderson, P. O., Knoben, J. E., et al. (2002) Handbook of clinical drug data 10th ed. McGraw-Hill International
Pfizer Inc, et al. (2006) ZYRTEC (cetirizine hydrochloride) Tablets, Chewable Tablets and Syrup For Oral Use Pfizer Incorporated publications
Chetrit, E. B., Amir, G., Shalit, M. (2005). Cetirizine: an effective agent in Kimura's Disease Arthritis & Rheumatism (Arthritis care & research) Vol 53, p117-118

External links[edit]

Zyrtec prescribing information Pfizer
US FDA approves Zyrtec-D for over the counter sales
US FDA approves Zyrtec for over the counter sales
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Cetirizine

UpToDate Contents

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1. 肥満細胞活性化障害 mast cell activation disorders
2. III型遺伝性血管性浮腫 type iii hereditary angioedema
3. 慢性蕁麻疹：標準的な管理および患者教育 chronic urticaria standard management and patient education
4. 慢性蕁麻疹：難治性症状の治療 chronic urticaria treatment of refractory symptoms
5. アレルギー性鼻炎の薬物療法 pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis

English Journal

The H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine ameliorates high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance in male C57BL/6 mice, but not diabetes outcome in female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.

Anvari E1, Wang X, Sandler S, Welsh N.
Upsala journal of medical sciences.Ups J Med Sci.2014 Oct 7:1-7. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract Background. It has been proposed that the histamine 1-receptor (H1-receptor) not only promotes allergic reactions, but also modulates innate immunity and autoimmune reactions. In line with this, we have recently reported that the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine partially counteracts cytok
PMID 25291144

Google unveils a glimpse of allergic rhinitis in the real world.

Kang MG1, Song WJ, Choi S, Kim H, Ha H, Kim SH, Cho SH, Min KU, Yoon S, Chang YS.
Allergy.Allergy.2014 Oct 3. doi: 10.1111/all.12528. [Epub ahead of print]
Google Trends is a web-based surveillance tool used to explore the searching trends of specific queries on Google. Recent studies have suggested the utility of Google Trends in predicting outbreaks of influenza and other diseases. However, this utility has not been thoroughly evaluated for allergic
PMID 25280183

Semisolid formulations containing cetirizine: human skin permeation and topical antihistaminic evaluation in a rabbit model.

Ciurlizza C1, Fernández F, Calpena AC, Lázaro R, Parra A, Clares B.
Archives of dermatological research.Arch Dermatol Res.2014 Oct;306(8):711-7. doi: 10.1007/s00403-014-1484-4. Epub 2014 Jul 6.
Cetirizine dihydrochloride (CTZ) is a second-generation histamine H1 antagonist, effective for the treatment of a wide range of allergic diseases. It has been utilized for managing the symptoms of chronic urticaria and atopic skin conditions. Thus, two novel semisolid formulations, nanoemulsion (NE)
PMID 24997631

Japanese Journal

治療高齢者の皮膚掻痒症および皮脂欠乏性湿疹に対するセチリジン塩酸塩(ジルテック錠)の有用性の検討

進藤真久,山田七子,山元修
西日本皮膚科 73(1), 69-76, 2011-02-00
NAID 40018729229

〓痒性皮膚疾患を対象としたセチリジン塩酸塩ドライシロップ(ジルテック^【○!R】ドライシロップ1.25%)の服薬アドヒアランスに関する患者調査

服部真理子,比留間政太郎,大月亜希子 [他],康井真帆,貞政裕子,矢口均
西日本皮膚科 = The Nishinihon journal of dermatology 72(3), 251-255, 2010-06-01
NAID 10026929716

成人患者を対象としたセチリジン塩酸塩ドライシロップ(ジルテック^【○!R】ドライシロップ1.25%)の有用性とコンプライアンスに関する検討

佐藤さおり,古江増隆
西日本皮膚科 = The Nishinihon journal of dermatology 70(5), 535-540, 2008-10-01
NAID 10024944371

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「セチリジン」

Cetirizine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(±)-[2-[4-[(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl]-1- piperazinyl]ethoxy]acetic acid
Clinical data
Trade names	Zyrtec
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a698026
Licence data	US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat.	B (US)
Legal status	GSL (UK) OTC (US) OTC in Canada
Routes	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	well absorbed
Protein binding	~93%
Metabolism	Excreted mainly unchanged
Half-life	8.3 Hours
Excretion	Urine (mainly), hepatic or excrement (Small amounts)
Identifiers
CAS number	83881-51-0
ATC code	R06AE07
PubChem	CID 2678
IUPHAR ligand	1222
DrugBank	DB00341
ChemSpider	2577
UNII	YO7261ME24
KEGG	D07662
ChEBI	CHEBI:3561
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1000
Synonyms	Alerid, Alatrol, Alzene, Cetirizina, Cetirin, Cetzine, Cetirizin, Cezin, Histazine, Humex, Letizen, Razene, Reactine, Zyrtec, Zirtec, Zodac, Zirtek, Zynor, Zyrlek, Zyllergy
Chemical data
Formula	C21H25ClN2O3
Mol. mass	388.89
	SMILES Clc1ccc(cc1)C(c2ccccc2)N3CCN(CC3)CCOCC(=O)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C21H25ClN2O3/c22-19-8-6-18(7-9-19)21(17-4-2-1-3-5-17)24-12-10-23(11-13-24)14-15-27-16-20(25)26/h1-9,21H,10-16H2,(H,25,26) ; Key:ZKLPARSLTMPFCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(what is this?) (verify);

　　[★]

英: cetirizine
化: 塩酸セチリジン cetirizine hydrochloride
商: ジルテック Zyrtec、ザイザル
関: その他のアレルギー用薬、抗ヒスタミン薬

[1] ttp://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/561316

[2] Payne, January W (2008-01-09). "Over-the-Counter Zyrtec: a Money-Saver?". U.S. News & World Report.

[3] Elliott, Stuart (24 March 2009). "A Strategy When Times Are Tough: "It's New!"". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2009.

[4] "Cetirizin".

[5] "Cetirizin".

[6] Drugs and Cosmetics (2nd amendment) rules, 2006. item 104 in schedule H.

[blood-brain-7] Gupta, A; Chatelain P, Massingham R, Jonsson EN, Hammarlund-Udenaes M (February 2006). "Brain distribution of cetirizine enantiomers: comparison of three different tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients: K(p), K(p,u), and K(p,uu)". Drug Metab. Dispos. 34 (2): 318–23. doi:10.1124/dmd.105.007211. PMID 16303872.

[8] Boone M, Lespagnard L, Renard N, Song M, Rihoux JP (July 2000). "Adhesion molecule profiles in atopic dermatitis vs. allergic contact dermatitis: pharmacological modulation by cetirizine". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 14 (4): 263–6. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00017.x. PMID 11204513. Retrieved 2009-11-19.

[not_anticholinergic-9] Orzechowski, RF; DS Currie, CA Valancius (4). "Comparative anticholinergic activities of 10 histamine H1 receptor antagonists in two functional models.". European Journal of Pharmacology 506 (3): 257–264. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.006. PMID 15627436. Check date values in: |date= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

[drugref_cetirizine-10] Anderson, Philip; Knoben, James E.; Troutman, William G. (2002). Handbook of clinical drug data. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 807. ISBN 0-07-136362-9. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

[pfizer_ceti_p3-11] "Zyrtec prescribing information". May 2006. Retrieved 2009-11-19.

[pmid8406851-12] Chollet-Martin, S; Montravers, P; Gibert, C; Elbim, C; Desmonts, JM; Fagon, JY; Gougerot-Pocidalo, MA (1993). "High levels of interleukin-8 in the blood and alveolar spaces of patients with pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome". Infection and immunity 61 (11): 4553–9. PMC 281204. PMID 8406851.

[pmid19110001-13] Jang YJ, Wang JH, Kim JS, Kwon HJ, Yeo NK, Lee BJ (March 2009). "Levocetirizine inhibits rhinovirus-induced ICAM-1 and cytokine expression and viral replication in airway epithelial cells". Antiviral Res. 81 (3): 226–33. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.12.001. PMID 19110001.

[kimura-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Ben-Chetrit E, Amir G, Shalit M (February 2005). "Cetirizine: An effective agent in Kimura's disease". Arthritis Rheum. 53 (1): 117–8. doi:10.1002/art.20908. PMID 15696573.

[15] British National Formulary (BNF) 61. 2011.

[16] ttp://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/773081?src=mp

[17] US patent 4525358, Baltes E, De Lannoy J, Rodriguez L, "2-[4-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-acetic acids and their amides", issued 1985-06-25, assigned to UCB Pharmaceuticals, Inc

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Zyrtec