WordNet

perform (a play), especially on a stage; "we are going to stage `Othello" (同)present, represent
a section or portion of a journey or course; "then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise" (同)leg
a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination (同)microscope stage
a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience; "he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box"
any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; "All the worlds a stage"--Shakespeare; "it set the stage for peaceful negotiations"
the theater as a profession (usually `the stage'
plan, organize, and carry out (an event); "the neighboring tribe staged an invasion" (同)arrange
attend a dance or a party without a female companion
adult male deer
a craftsman who tans skins and hides

PrepTutorEJDIC

(劇場・ホールなどの)『舞台』・on stage 舞台上で・《無冠詞》・off stage 舞台の陰で《無冠詞》：ステージ;演壇;《the~》演劇;俳優業,演劇(舞台)の仕事 / (事件・活動などの)『舞台』,場所 / (発達などの)『段階』,時期 / (駅馬車などの止まる)駅,宿場;休憩地;(旅行における休憩地間の)旅程,行程 / =stagecoach / (多段ロケットの)段 / 〈劇〉‘を'『上演する』,〈試合など〉‘を'公開する / (特に劇的に)…‘を'実行する,やってのける
雄ジカ / 《米話》(社交的な集まりに)婦人を同伴しない男 / 男性用の,男性のみ出席する,男性向けの / 女性を同謀しないで
皮なめし工
6プンス貨(旧制度の銀貨)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/23 08:55:57」(JST)

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The Tanner scale (also known as the Tanner stages) is a scale of physical development in children, adolescents and adults. The scale defines physical measurements of development based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics, such as the size of the breasts, genitalia, testicular volume and development of pubic and axillary hair. This scale was first identified by James Tanner, a British pediatrician and thus bears his name.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Due to natural variation, individuals pass through the Tanner stages at different rates, depending in particular on the timing of puberty. In HIV treatment, the Tanner scale is used to determine which treatment regimen to follow (adult, adolescent, or pediatric).

Definitions of stages[edit]

Adapted from text by Lawrence Neinstein, MD.^[4]

Genitals (male)[edit]

Illustration of the Tanner scale for males.

Tanner I: prepubertal (testicular volume less than 1.5 ml; small penis of 3 cm or less) [typically age 9 and younger]
Tanner II: testicular volume between 1.6 and 6 ml; skin on scrotum thins, reddens and enlarges; penis length unchanged [9-11]
Tanner III: testicular volume between 6 and 12 ml; scrotum enlarges further; penis begins to lengthen to about 6 cm [11-12.5]
Tanner IV: testicular volume between 12 and 20 ml; scrotum enlarges further and darkens; penis increases in length to 10 cm and circumference [12.5-14]
Tanner V: testicular volume greater than 20 ml; adult scrotum and penis of 15 cm in length [14+]

Breasts (female)[edit]

Illustration of the Tanner scale for females.

Tanner I: no glandular tissue: areola follows the skin contours of the chest (prepubertal) [typically age 10 and younger]
Tanner II: breast bud forms, with small area of surrounding glandular tissue; areola begins to widen [10-11.5]
Tanner III: breast begins to become more elevated, and extends beyond the borders of the areola, which continues to widen but remains in contour with surrounding breast [11.5-13]
Tanner IV: increased breast size and elevation; areola and papilla form a secondary mound projecting from the contour of the surrounding breast [13-15]
Tanner V: breast reaches final adult size; areola returns to contour of the surrounding breast, with a projecting central papilla. [15+]

Pubic hair (both male and female)[edit]

Tanner I: no pubic hair at all (prepubertal Dominic state) [typically age 10 and younger]
Tanner II: small amount of long, downy hair with slight pigmentation at the base of the penis and scrotum (males) or on the labia majora (females) [10–11.5]
Tanner III: hair becomes more coarse and curly, and begins to extend laterally [11.5–13]
Tanner IV: adult-like hair quality, extending across pubis^{[disambiguation needed]} but sparing medial thighs [13–15]
Tanner V: hair extends to medial surface of the thighs [15+]

Criticism[edit]

The scale has been criticized by the pornography industry for its potential to lead to false child pornography convictions, such as in the case when government experts used it to assert that pornographic actress Lupe Fuentes was underage. Fuentes personally appeared at the trial and provided documentation that showed that the DVDs in question were legally produced.^[5]^[6] The author of the classification system himself has argued that age classification utilizing the Tanner stages represents invalid use. Tanner stages do not match with chronological age but rather maturity stages and thus are non-diagnostic for age estimation.^[7]

References[edit]

^ synd/3082 at Who Named It?
^ Marshall WA, Tanner JM (February 1970). "Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys". Arch. Dis. Child. 45 (239): 13–23. doi:10.1136/adc.45.239.13. PMC 2020414. PMID 5440182.
^ Marshall WA, Tanner JM (June 1969). "Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls". Arch. Dis. Child. 44 (235): 291–303. doi:10.1136/adc.44.235.291. PMC 2020314. PMID 5785179.
^ Lawrence S. Neinstein, M.D.: Adolescent Medicine - Children's Hospital Los Angeles CA^{[dead link]}
^ "Lupe Fuentes Saves Man From Bogus ‘Child Porn’ Charge". AVN. April 16, 2010.
^ "Adult Film Star Verifies Her Age, Saves Fan From 20 Years In Prison". Radar Online. April 21, 2010.
^ Rosenbloom AL, Tanner, JM (1998). "Misuse of Tanner Puberty Stages to Estimate Chronologic Age". Pediatrics 102 (6): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.6.1494

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tanner scale

The Male Tanner stages
The Female Tanner stages
Line drawing of female Tanner stages (genitals)
Line drawing of female Tanner stages (breasts)
Line drawing of male Tanner stages

UpToDate Contents

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1. 正常思春期 normal puberty
2. 小児における身体的診察：会陰 the pediatric physical examination the perineum
3. 思春期遅発症の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of delayed puberty
4. 乳房の発達および形態 breast development and morphology
5. 思春期早発症の定義、原因、および評価 definition etiology and evaluation of precocious puberty

English Journal

Obese children have higher arterial elasticity without a difference in endothelial function: the role of body composition.

Tryggestad JB, Thompson DM, Copeland KC, Short KR.SourceDepartment of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.).Obesity (Silver Spring).2012 Jan;20(1):165-71. doi: 10.1038/oby.2011.309. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
The childhood obesity epidemic is expected to increase cardiovascular disease risk, but the impact of obesity on vascular function in children is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of obesity and maturation on vascular function in normal weight (BMI: 25-75 pe
PMID 21996664

Age- and gender-specific reference intervals for serum lipid levels (measured with an Advia 1650 analyzer) in school children.

Tamimi W, Tamim H, Felimban N, Almutair A, Altwaijri Y, Alalwan I.SourceDepartments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Pediatric Endocrinology, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society.Pediatr Int.2011 Dec;53(6):814-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2011.03361.x.
Background: Due to the lack of country-specific norms in Saudi Arabia, age- and gender-specific lipid reference intervals are needed to be established for Saudi children. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 1168 children aged 6-16 years: 500 boys (43%) and 668 girls (57%), and were anal
PMID 21418404

[Adolescent with anorexia nervosa: Consequences on bone mineralization.]

Nicaise D, Beaumesnil M, Chaillou E, Wagner AC, Avarello G, Audran M, Giniès JL.SourceService de pédiatrie, centre Robert-Debré, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 09, France.
Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie.Arch Pediatr.2011 Nov 30. [Epub ahead of print]
INTRODUCTION: Anorexia nervosa is responsible for abnormalities in bone mineralization, which are well known and described in adults, but less well documented in adolescents. The aim of this research was to evaluate the frequency and severity and to determine predictive factors for these abnormaliti
PMID 22137016