WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and animal tissue (1810-1882) (同)Theodor Schwann

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/27 02:56:59」(JST)

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Schwann cells (TA: Gliocytus periphericus) (named after physiologist Theodor Schwann) or neurolemmocytes are the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Glial cells function to support neurons and in the PNS, also include satellite cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, enteric glia and glia that reside at sensory nerve endings, such as the Pacinian corpuscle. There are two types of Schwann cell, myelinating and nonmyelinating. Myelinating Schwann cells wrap around axons of motor and sensory neurons to form the myelin sheath. The Schwann cell promoter is present in the Downstream region of the Human Dystrophin Gene that gives shortened transcript that are again synthesized in a tissue specific manner.

Schwann cells are involved in many important aspects of peripheral nerve biology—the conduction of nervous impulses along axons, nerve development and regeneration, trophic support for neurons, production of the nerve extracellular matrix, modulation of neuromuscular synaptic activity, and presentation of antigens to T-lymphocytes.

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy type), schwannomatosis, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), and leprosy are all neuropathies involving Schwann cells.

Structure

Schwann cells are a variety of glial cell that keep peripheral nerve fibres (both myelinated and unmyelinated) alive. In myelinated axons, Schwann cells form the myelin sheath (see above). The sheath is not continuous. Individual myelinating Schwann cells cover about 100 micrometres of an axon—equating to approximately 10,000 Schwann cells along a 1-metre length of the axon. The gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called nodes of Ranvier (see above).

9-O-acetyl GD3 ganglioside is an acetylated glycolipid which is found in the cell membranes of many types of vertebrate cells. During peripheral nerve regeneration, 9-O-acetyl GD3 is expressed by Schwann cells.^[1]

Function

The vertebrate nervous system relies on the myelin sheath for insulation and as a method of decreasing membrane capacitance in the axon. The action potential jumps from node to node, in a process called saltatory conduction, which can increase conduction velocity up to ten times, without an increase in axonal diameter. In this sense, Schwann cells are the peripheral nervous system's analogues of the central nervous system's oligodendrocytes. However, unlike oligodendrocytes, each myelinating Schwann cell provides insulation to only one axon (see image). This arrangement permits saltatory conduction of action potentials with repropagation at the nodes of Ranvier. In this way, myelination greatly increases speed of conduction and saves energy.^[2]

Non-myelinating Schwann cells are involved in maintenance of axons and are crucial for neuronal survival. Some group around smaller axons (External image here) and form Remak bundles. Myelinating Schwann cells begin to form the myelin sheath in mammals during fetal development and work by spiraling around the axon, sometimes with as many as 100 revolutions. A well-developed Schwann cell is shaped like a rolled-up sheet of paper, with layers of myelin in between each coil. The inner layers of the wrapping, which are predominantly membrane material, form the myelin sheath while the outermost layer of nucleated cytoplasm forms the neurolemma. Only a small volume of residual cytoplasm allows communication between the inner and outer layers. This is seen histologically as the Schmidt-Lantermann incisure.

Regeneration

Schwann cells are known for their roles in supporting nerve regeneration.^[3] Nerves in the PNS consist of many axons myelinated by Schwann cells. If damage occurs to a nerve, the Schwann cells will aid in digestion of its axons (phagocytosis). Following this process, the Schwann cells can guide regeneration by forming a type of tunnel that leads toward the target neurons. The stump of the damaged axon is able to sprout, and those sprouts that grow through the Schwann-cell “tunnel” do so at the rate of approximately 1mm/day in good conditions. The rate of regeneration decreases with time. Successful axons can therefore reconnect with the muscles or organs they previously controlled with the help of Schwann cells, however, specificity is not maintained and errors are frequent, especially when long distances are involved.^[4] Because of their ability to impact regeneration of axons, Schwann cells have been connected to preferential motor reinnervation as well. If Schwann cells are prevented from associating with axons, the axons die. Regenerating axons will not reach any target unless Schwann cells are there to support them and guide them. They have been shown to be in advance of the growth cones. Schwann cells are essential for the maintenance of healthy axons. They produce a variety of factors, including neurotrophins, and also transfer essential molecules across to axons.

Transplantation

A Schwann cell in culture.

A number of experimental studies since 2001 have implanted Schwann cells in an attempt to induce remyelination in multiple sclerosis-afflicted patients.^[5] In the past two decades, many studies have demonstrated positive results and potential for Schwann cell transplantation as a therapy for spinal cord injury, both in aiding regrowth and myelination of damaged CNS axons.^[6] Schwann cell transplants in combination with other therapies such as Chondroitinase ABC have also been shown to be effective in functional recovery from spinal cord injury.^[7]

Clinical significance

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy type), schwannomatosis, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), and leprosy are all neuropathies involving Schwann cells.

References

^ Túlio Ribeiro-Resende, Victor; Lopes, Michelle (2010). "Involvement of 9-O-Acetyl GD3 Ganglioside in Mycobacterium leprae Infection of Schwann Cells" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem (ASBMB) 258: 34086–34096. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.147272. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
^ Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology, 9th ed. USA: Thompson Learning, 2007.^{[page needed]}
^ Bhatheja, Kanav; Field, Jeffrey (2006). "Schwann cells: Origins and role in axonal maintenance and regeneration". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 38 (12): 1995–9. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2006.05.007. PMID 16807057.
^ Carlson, Neil R. Physiology of Behavior, 9th ed. USA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.^{[page needed]}
^ "First surgical transplant attempted to repair myelin". Inside MS. 2001.
^ Oudega, Martin; Xu, Xiao-Ming (2006). "Schwann Cell Transplantation for Repair of the Adult Spinal Cord". Journal of Neurotrauma 23 (3–4): 453–67. doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.453. PMID 16629629.
^ Fouad, Karim; Lisa Schnell; Mary B. Bunge; Martin E. Schwab; Thomas Liebscher; Damien D. Pearse (2 February 2005). "Combining Schwann Cell Bridges and Olfactory-Ensheathing Glia Grafts with Chondroitinase Promotes Locomotor Recovery after Complete Transection of the Spinal Cord". The Journal of Neuroscience 25 (5): 1169–78. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3562-04.2005. PMID 15689553. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

External links

Diagram at clc.uc.edu
Histology image: 21301loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University—"Ultrastructure of the Cell: myelinated axon and Schwann cell"
Cell Centered Database – Schwann cell

UpToDate Contents

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1. T細胞受容体シグナル伝達 t cell receptor signaling
2. 末梢性T細胞リンパ腫の初期治療 initial treatment of peripheral t cell lymphoma
3. B細胞前リンパ球性白血病 b cell prolymphocytic leukemia
4. 成人における赤血球輸血：保管、専門的調整、および輸血パラメータ red blood cell transfusion in adults storage specialized modifications and infusion parameters
5. 皮下蜂窩織炎様T細胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of subcutaneous panniculitis like t cell lymphoma

English Journal

Peripheral nerve surgery: primer for the imagers.

Pindrik J, Belzberg AJ.SourceDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Zayed Tower 6-007, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Neuroimaging clinics of North America.Neuroimaging Clin N Am.2014 Feb;24(1):193-210. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2013.03.034. Epub 2013 May 16.
Peripheral nerve surgery represents a broad field of pathologic conditions, medical specialties, and anatomic regions of the body. Anatomic understanding of hierarchical nerve structure and the peripheral nervous system aids diagnosis and management of nerve lesions. Many peripheral nerves coalesce
PMID 24210320

Olfactory ensheathing cells, but not schwann cells, proliferate and migrate extensively within moderately X-Irradiated juvenile rat brain.

Lankford KL, Brown RJ, Sasaki M, Kocsis JD.SourceDepartment of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.
Glia.Glia.2014 Jan;62(1):52-63. doi: 10.1002/glia.22583. Epub 2013 Oct 24.
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs) share many characteristics, including the ability to promote neuronal repair when transplanted directly into spinal cord lesions, but poor survival and migration when transplanted into intact adult spinal cord. Interestingly, transplanted OE
PMID 24166823

The Diadenosine Homodinucleotide P18 Improves In Vitro Myelination in Experimental Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 1A.

Nobbio L, Visigalli D, Mannino E, Fiorese F, Kassack MU, Sturla L, Prada V, De Flora A, Zocchi E, Bruzzone S, Schenone A.SourceDepartment of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Mother and Child Sciences and CEBR, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
Journal of cellular biochemistry.J Cell Biochem.2014 Jan;115(1):161-7. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24644.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT1A) is a demyelinating hereditary neuropathy whose pathogenetic mechanisms are still poorly defined and an etiologic treatment is not yet available. An abnormally high intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+) ]i ) occurs in Schwann cells from CMT1A rats (CMT1A SC) and i
PMID 23959806

Japanese Journal

骨髄シュワン細胞は造血幹細胞を維持するニッチ細胞である

山？聡
血液内科 65(2), 289-292, 2012-08
NAID 40019425667

Multipotency and physiological role of skeletal muscle interstitium-derived stem cells

Tamaki Tetsuro
The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 1(3), 423-436, 2012
… These stem cells show differentiation potential into mesodermal and ectodermal cell lineages, and, thus, are called skeletal muscle interstitium-derived multipotent stem cells (Sk-MSCs). … and colony-forming units of these cells typically include non-adherent type myogenic cells, while satellite cells are known to be adherent in cell culture. … In these colonies, both Pax7- and Pax7+ myogenic cells are produced depending on asymmetric cell division. …
NAID 130001930886

粘膜内シュワン細胞性過誤腫（mucosal Schwann cell hamartoma）の1例

佐上晋太郎,福本晃,天野美緒,山雄健太郎,橋本義政,飯星知博,小野川靖二,平野巨通,花田敬士,天野始,日野文明,米原修治
日本消化器病学会雑誌 109(10), 1776-1783, 2012
症例は40歳，男性．便潜血反応陽性精査のため全大腸内視鏡検査を施行し，S状結腸に白色調で微細顆粒状の隆起を多数認めた．病理組織学的に，紡錘形細胞の結節状の増殖を認め，免疫組織化学では抗S-100蛋白抗体陽性，NFP陰性，EMA陰性であった．多発性内分泌腫瘍2B型や神経線維腫症1型の合併を示唆する所見は認めなかった．以上より粘膜内シュワン細胞性過誤腫と診断した．
NAID 130001909423

Related Pictures

PPT - Schwann Cells PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:2434271 Sease blog: schwann cells Schwann-cel - Schwann cell - qaz.wiki What are Schwann Cells? Schwann cell - Assignment Point Schwann cells, myelin sheath & neuri-what? – Encephalon's Orbit Glial cells are also important components of nervous systems - Plasma Membrane

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「シュワン細胞」
関連記事	「cell」

「シュワン細胞」

Structure of a typical neuron
Schwann cells wrapped around an axon
	Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of; Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath

Schwann cell
	The PNS has satellite cells and Schwann cells.
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: Schwann cell, Schwann's cell
同: Schwann細胞
関: 顆粒細胞腫、神経膠細胞、シュワン鞘

		ミエリン鞘髄鞘	シュワン鞘
有髄神経	中枢神経	○(シュワン細胞)
有髄神経	末梢神経	○(希突起膠細胞)	○
無髄神経	末梢神経	×	○

「cell」

　　[★] 細胞　　　　　　　

[1] Túlio Ribeiro-Resende, Victor; Lopes, Michelle (2010). "Involvement of 9-O-Acetyl GD3 Ganglioside in Mycobacterium leprae Infection of Schwann Cells" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem (ASBMB) 258: 34086–34096. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.147272. Retrieved 14 April 2014.

[2] Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology, 9th ed. USA: Thompson Learning, 2007.^{[page needed]}

[3] Bhatheja, Kanav; Field, Jeffrey (2006). "Schwann cells: Origins and role in axonal maintenance and regeneration". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 38 (12): 1995–9. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2006.05.007. PMID 16807057.

[4] Carlson, Neil R. Physiology of Behavior, 9th ed. USA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.^{[page needed]}

[5] "First surgical transplant attempted to repair myelin". Inside MS. 2001.

[6] Oudega, Martin; Xu, Xiao-Ming (2006). "Schwann Cell Transplantation for Repair of the Adult Spinal Cord". Journal of Neurotrauma 23 (3–4): 453–67. doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.453. PMID 16629629.

[7] Fouad, Karim; Lisa Schnell; Mary B. Bunge; Martin E. Schwab; Thomas Liebscher; Damien D. Pearse (2 February 2005). "Combining Schwann Cell Bridges and Olfactory-Ensheathing Glia Grafts with Chondroitinase Promotes Locomotor Recovery after Complete Transection of the Spinal Cord". The Journal of Neuroscience 25 (5): 1169–78. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3562-04.2005. PMID 15689553. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

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Schwann cell