出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/31 16:49:42」(JST)
| プロミスト・ランド | |
|---|---|
| Promised Land | |
| 監督 | ガス・ヴァン・サント |
| 脚本 | マット・デイモン ジョン・クラシンスキー |
| 原作 | デイヴ・エッガース |
| 製作 | マット・デイモン ジョン・クラシンスキー |
| 出演者 | マット・デイモン ジョン・クラシンスキー |
| 音楽 | ダニー・エルフマン |
| 撮影 | リヌス・サンドグレン |
| 編集 | ビリー・リッチ |
| 製作会社 | パーティシパント・メディア |
| 配給 | フォーカス・フィーチャーズ キノフィルムズ |
| 公開 | 2012年12月28日[1] 2014年8月22日 |
| 上映時間 | 106分 |
| 製作国 | アメリカ合衆国 |
| 言語 | 英語 |
| テンプレートを表示 | |
『プロミスト・ランド』（Promised Land）は、ガス・ヴァン・サント監督による2012年のアメリカ合衆国の映画。
エネルギー会社のグローバル・クロスパワー・ソリューションズに勤めるスティーヴ（マット・デイモン）は、同僚のスー（フランシス・マクドーマンド）と共に、ペンシルヴェニアの田舎町へやって来た。彼らの目的は、この土地に眠る天然ガスの採掘権を買うことだ。2人は住民の家を一軒一軒まわって契約を結んでゆく。そんな中、スティーヴは小学校教師のアリス（ローズマリー・デウィット）とバーで知り合う。
スティーヴがアリスの家に泊まった翌日、体育館で住民説明会が開かれる。高校教師のフランク（ハル・ホルブルック）が水圧破砕法の問題点を指摘したことによって、住民のあいだにスティーヴとスーへの不信感が広がる。
環境保護団体の活動家を名乗るダスティン（ジョン・クラシンスキー）が、町にやって来る。ネブラスカ州の彼の故郷では、水圧破砕法によって農場が荒廃したという。ダスティンは、牛の倒れている写真が載ったプラカードを町中に貼って回り、住民たちの信頼を得る。起死回生を狙うスティーヴは、天然ガス採掘賛成派の住民たちの協力を借りて、縁日の開催を準備する。しかし、当日の大雨で縁日は中止となる。
万策尽きたかと思われたスティーヴとスーが滞在するモーテルに、グローバル社から一通の資料が届く。牛の倒れている写真の隅には、ネブラスカ州にあるはずのない灯台が見える。スティーヴに問い詰められたダスティンは、住民説明会での一件を聞いたグローバル社が社員のダスティンを町に送り込んで工作したのだと告白する。動揺するスティーヴを残して、ダスティンは町を去ってゆく。
住民投票の当日、体育館で、星条旗を背にしたスティーヴは住民たちに語りかける。住民たちは、活動家を名乗っていたダスティンがグローバル社の社員であると聞かされて驚く。体育館を出たスティーヴは、スーから、会社がスティーヴの解雇を決定したと告げられる。本社へ戻るスーを見送ったスティーヴは、アリスの家へ向かう。
※括弧内は日本語吹替
第63回ベルリン国際映画祭にてスペシャル・メンションを受賞した[2]。
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| It has been suggested that this article be merged into Land of Israel. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2015. |
The Promised Land (Hebrew: הארץ המובטחת, translit.: Ha'Aretz HaMuvtahat; Arabic: أرض الميعاد, translit.: Ard Al-Mi'ad) is the land promised or given by God, according to the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), to the descendants of Abraham. The promise is first made to Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21) and then renewed to his son Isaac, and to Isaac's son Jacob (Genesis 28:13), Abraham's grandson. The promised land was described in terms of the territory from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates river (Exodus 23:31) and was given to their descendants after Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt. (Deuteronomy 1:8)
The term should not be confused with the expression "Land of Israel" which is used in 1 Samuel 13:19, when the Israelite tribes were already in the Land of Canaan.
The concept of the Promised Land is the central tenet of Zionism, whose discourse suggests that modern Jews descend from the Israelites and Maccabees through which they inherit the right to re-establish their "national homeland".
The imagery of the "Promised Land" was invoked in Negro spirituals as heaven or paradise and as an escape from slavery, often which can only be reached by death. The imagery and term have also been used in popular culture (see Promised Land (disambiguation)), sermons and in speeches, such as the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" (1968) speech by Martin Luther King, Jr:
The promise that is the basis of the term is contained in several verses of Genesis in the Torah. In Genesis 12:1 it is said:
and in Genesis 12:7:
Commentators have noted several problems with this promise and related ones:
In Genesis 15:18-21 the boundary of the promised land is clarified in terms of the territory of various ancient peoples, as follows:
The verse is said to describe what are known as "borders of the Land" (Gevulot Ha-aretz).[2] In Jewish tradition, these borders define the maximum extent of the land promised to the descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob.[3]
The promise was confirmed to Jacob at Genesis 28:13, though the borders are still vague and is in terms of "the land on which you are lying". Other geographical borders are given in Exodus 23:31 which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea, the "Sea of the Philistines" i.e. the Mediterranean, and the "River," (the Euphrates).
The promise is fulfilled at the end of the Exodus from Egypt. Deuteronomy 1:8 says:
It took a long time before the Israelites could subdue the Canaanite inhabitants of the land. The furthest extent of the Land of Israel was achieved during the time of the united Kingdom of Israel under David.[4][5] The actual land controlled by the Israelites has fluctuated considerably over time and at times the land has been under the control of various empires. However, under Jewish tradition, even when it is not in Jewish occupation, the land has not lost its status as the Promised Land.
Traditional Jewish interpretation, and that of most Christian commentators, define Abraham's descendants as Abraham's seed only through his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob, to the exclusion of Ishmael and Esau.[3][6][7][8] [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] This may however reflect an eisegesis or reconstruction of primary verses based on the later biblical emphasis of Jacob's descendants. The promises given to Abraham happened prior to the birth of Isaac and were given to all his offspring signified through the rite of circumcision. Johann Friedrich Karl Keil is less clear, as he states that the covenant is through Isaac, but notes that Ishmael's descendants have held much of that land through time.[16]
Mainstream Jewish tradition regards the promise made to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as having been given to all Jews, including proselytes and in turn their descendants,[17] with the traditional view being that a convert becomes a child of Abraham, as in the term "ben Avraham".[citation needed]
In the New Testament, the descent and promise is reinterpreted along religious lines.[18] In the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul the Apostle draws attention to the formulation of the promise, avoiding the term "seeds" in plural (meaning many people), choosing instead "seed," meaning one person, who, he understands to be Jesus (and those united with him). For example, in Galatians 3:16 he notes:
In Galatians 3:28-29 Paul goes further, noting that the expansion of the promise from singular to the plural is not based on genetic/physical association, but a spiritual/religious one:
In Romans 4:13 it is written:
Under the name Palestine, we comprehend the small country formerly inhabited by the Israelites, and which is today part of Acre and Damascus pachalics. It stretched between 31 and 33° N. latitude and between 32 and 35° degrees E. longitude, an area of about 1300 French: lieues carrées. Some zealous writers, to give the land of the Hebrews some political importance, have exaggerated the extent of Palestine; but we have an authority for us that one can not reject. St. Jerome, who had long traveled in this country, said in his letter to Dardanus (ep. 129) that the northern boundary to that of the southern, was a distance of 160 Roman miles, which is about 55 French: lieues. He paid homage to the truth despite his fears, as he said himself, of availing the Promised Land to pagan mockery, "Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis, ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur".[23][24]
Thus if you were a child of Abraham by race you inevitably were heir to the great land promises in the Holy Land... Paul challenges the exclusivity of racial descent from Abraham. Children of Abraham consist of people - Jews and Gentiles - who share Abraham's faith. And the promise of God, he notes, comes to Abraham and his seed (singular) and this seed is Christ (Gal. 3:16). Thus Christ is the true heir of Abraham and his promises. And if we belong to Christ, we too are attached to Abraham and the promises given to him. Again, for the non-Jewish Christian, it is hard to imagine the impact of this theological subversion. Paul has upended one of the chief arguments for exclusive Jewish privilege in the Holy Land... If you want a glimpse of just how striking Paul's rethinking of this could be, just look at Romans 4:13. Here Paul refers directly to the inheritance of Abraham. This was the gift of Canaan, the Holy Land and Israel! And yet look at what Paul actually says: the promise to Abraham was that he would inherit the entire world. How can that be? This is not in Genesis. But it can be true in only one way: the family of Abraham now includes the Gentiles - Gentiles living throughout the world: Romans, Greeks, Cappadocians, Arabs - and they now, inasmuch as they belong to Christ, also belong to Abraham. God's new claim is not for the restoration of Judaea. It is not for a political rebuilding of the Holy Land. God's new claim is for the entire world; His people in Christ will be instruments of that claim.
Image of p. 170 at Google Books
In the Second Temple period, when Jewish authors were seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical definition of the Land, it became customary to construe “Mount Hor” of Num 34:7 as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains, which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain (Bechard 2000, p. 205, note 98.)
Quod si objeceris terram repromissionis dici, quae in Numerorum volumine continetur (Cap. 34), a meridie maris Salinarum per Sina et Cades-Barne, usque ad torrentem Aegypti, qui juxta Rhinocoruram mari magno influit; et ab occidente ipsum mare, quod Palaestinae, Phoenici, Syriae Coeles, Ciliciaeque pertenditur; ab aquilone Taurum montem et Zephyrium usque Emath, quae appellatur Epiphania Syriae; ad orientem vero per Antiochiam et lacum Cenereth, quae nunc Tiberias appellatur, et Jordanem, qui mari influit Salinarum, quod nunc Mortuum dicitur; (Image of p. 41 at Google Books)
Sous le nom de Palestine, nous comprenons le petit pays habité autrefois par les Israélites, et qui aujourd'hui fait partie des pachalics d'Acre et de Damas. Il s'étendait entre le 31 et 33° degré latitude N. et entre le 32 et 35° degré longitude E., sur une superficie d'environ 1300 lieues carrées. Quelques écrivains jaloux de donner au pays des Hébreux une certaine importance politique, ont exagéré l'étendue de la Palestine; mais nous avons pour nous une autorité que l'on ne saurait récuser. Saint Jérôme, qui avait longtemps voyagé dans cette contrée, dit dans sa lettre à Dardanus (ep. 129) que de la limite du nord jusqu'à celle du midi il n'y avait qu'une distance de 160 milles romains, ce qui fait environ 55 lieues. Il rend cet hommage à la vérité bien qu'il craigne, comme il le dit lui-même de livrer par la terre promise aux sarcasmes païens. (Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis, ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur)
Image of p. 1 at Google Books
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