関: La

WordNet

a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth (同)La, atomic number 57

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ランタン(希土金属元素;化学記号は『La』)
lanthanumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/06/16 06:07:02」(JST)

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この項目では、元素のランタンについて説明しています。その他の用法については「ランタン (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。

ランタン（独: Lanthan [lanˈtaːn]、英: lanthanum [ˈlænθənəm]）は、原子番号57の元素。元素記号は La。希土類元素の一つ。

名称

ギリシャ語で「人目を避ける」と言う意味の lanthanein が語源。これは、セリウムの影に隠れてなかなか見付からなかったからである。

存在

モナズ石（モナザイト）に含まれる。

歴史

1839年にスイスのカール・グスタフ・モサンデルが発見^[2]。

特徴

4f軌道を占有する電子は0個であるが、ランタノイド系列の最初の元素とされる。白色の金属で、常温、常圧で安定な結晶構造は、複六方最密充填構造（ABACスタッキング）。比重は6.17で、融点は918 °C、沸点は3420 °C。

空気中で表面が酸化され、高温では酸化ランタン(III) La₂O₃ となる。ハロゲン元素と反応し、水にはゆっくりと溶ける。酸には易溶。安定な原子価は+3価。

用途

La₂O₃ がセラミックコンデンサや、光学レンズの材料に使われる。また、LaNi₅ は水素吸蔵合金として注目されている。炭酸ランタンが腎不全患者のリン吸収阻害薬（腸管内でリン化合物を形成し吸収を阻害する）として使用されている。

ヨハネス・ベドノルツとカール・アレクサンダー・ミュラーが最初に発見（発表）した高温超伝導物質（この時点では転移温度は、それほど高温ではなかった）がランタンを含む銅酸化物セラミックスだった。

ランタンの化合物

La₂CuO₄
六ホウ化ランタン (LaB₆)
ランガサイト (La₃Ga₅SiO₁₄)

同位体

詳細は「ランタンの同位体」を参照

出典

^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC press. (2000). ISBN 0849304814. オリジナルの2012年1月12日時点によるアーカイブ。.
^ 桜井弘『元素111の新知識』講談社、1998年、259頁。ISBN 4-06-257192-7。

Characteristics

Physical

Lanthanum is the first element and prototype of the lanthanide series.^[a] In the periodic table, it appears to the right of the alkaline earth metal barium and to the left of the lanthanide cerium. Lanthanum is often considered to be a group 3 element, along with its lighter congeners scandium and yttrium and its heavier congener, the radioactive actinium,^[6] although this classification is sometimes disputed. Similarly to scandium, yttrium, and actinium, the 57 electrons of a lanthanum atom are arranged in the configuration [Xe]5d¹6s², with three valence electrons outside the noble gas core. In chemical reactions, lanthanum almost always gives up these three valence electrons from the 5d and 6s subshells to form the +3 oxidation state, achieving the stable configuration of the preceding noble gas xenon.^[7] Some lanthanum(II) compounds are also known, but they are much less stable.^[8]

Among the lanthanides, lanthanum is exceptional as it does not have any 4f electrons; indeed, the sudden contraction and lowering of energy of the 4f orbital that is important for the chemistry of the lanthanides only begins to happen at cerium. Thus it is only very weakly paramagnetic, unlike the strongly paramagnetic later lanthanides (with the exceptions of the last two, ytterbium and lutetium, where the 4f shell is completely full).^[9] Furthermore, since the melting points of the trivalent lanthanides are related to the extent of hybridisation of the 6s, 5d, and 4f electrons, lanthanum has the second-lowest (after cerium) melting point among all the lanthanides: 920 °C.^[10] The lanthanides become harder as the series is traversed: as expected, lanthanum is a soft metal. Lanthanum has a relatively high resistivity of 615 nΩm at room temperature; in comparison, the value for the good conductor aluminium is only 26.50 nΩm.^[11]^[12] Lanthanum is the least volatile of the lanthanides.^[13] Like most of the lanthanides, lanthanum has a hexagonal crystal structure at room temperature. At 310 °C, lanthanum changes to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865 °C, it changes to a body-centered cubic structure.^[12]

Chemical

As expected from periodic trends, lanthanum has the largest atomic radius of the lanthanides and the stable group 3 elements. Hence, it is the most reactive among them, tarnishing slowly in air and burning readily to form lanthanum(III) oxide, La₂O₃, which is almost as basic as calcium oxide.^[14] A centimeter-sized sample of lanthanum will corrode completely in a year as its oxide spalls off like iron rust, instead of forming a protective oxide coating like aluminium and lanthanum's lighter congeners scandium and yttrium.^[15] Lanthanum reacts with the halogens at room temperature to form the trihalides, and upon warming will form binary compounds with the nonmetals nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, selenium, silicon and arsenic.^[7]^[8] Lanthanum reacts slowly with water to form lanthanum(III) hydroxide, La(OH)₃.^[16] In dilute sulfuric acid, lanthanum readily forms the aquated tripositive ion [La(H₂O)₉]³⁺: this is colorless in aqueous solution since La³⁺ has no f electrons.^[16] Lanthanum is the strongest and hardest base among the lanthanides and group 3 elements, which is again expected from its being the largest of them.^[17]

Isotopes

Stable Z/N chart of La and Ba

Naturally occurring lanthanum is made up of two isotopes, the stable ¹³⁹La and the primordial long-lived radioisotope ¹³⁸La. ¹³⁹La is by far the most abundant, making up 99.910% of natural lanthanum: it is produced in the s-process (slow neutron capture, which occurs in low- to medium-mass stars) and the r-process (rapid neutron capture, which occurs in core-collapse supernovae).^[18] The very rare isotope ¹³⁸La is one of the few primordial odd-odd nuclei, with a long half-life of 1.05×10¹¹ years: it is one of the proton-rich p-nuclei which cannot be produced in the s- or r-processes. ¹³⁸La, along with the even rarer ^180mTa, is produced in the ν-process, where neutrinos interact with stable nuclei.^[19] All other lanthanum isotopes are synthetic: with the exception of ¹³⁷La with a half-life of about 60,000 years, all of them have half-lives less than a day, and most have half-lives less than a minute. The isotopes ¹³⁹La and ¹⁴⁰La occur as fission products of uranium.^[18]

Compounds

Lanthanum oxide is a white solid that can be prepared by direct reaction of its constituent elements. Due to the large size of the La³⁺ ion, La₂O₃ adopts a hexagonal 7-coordinate structure that changes to the 6-coordinate structure of scandium oxide (Sc₂O₃) and yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) at high temperature. When it reacts with water, lanthanum hydroxide is formed: a lot of heat is evolved in the reaction and a hissing sound is heard. Lanthanum hydroxide will react with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form the basic carbonate.^[20]

Lanthanum fluoride is insoluble in water and can be used as a qualitative test for the presence of La³⁺. The heavier halides are all very soluble deliquescent compounds. The anhydrous halides are produced by direct reaction of their elements, as heating the hydrates causes hydrolysis: for example, heating hydrated LaCl₃ produces LaOCl.^[20]

Lanthanum reacts exothermically with hydrogen to produce the dihydride LaH₂, a black, pyrophoric, brittle, conducting compound with the calcium fluoride structure.^[21] This is a non-stoichiometric compound, and further absorption of hydrogen is possible, with a concomitant loss of electrical conductivity, until the more salt-like LaH₃ is reached.^[20] Like LaI₂ and LaI, LaH₂ is probably an electride compound.^[20]

Due to the large ionic radius and great electropositivity of La³⁺, there is not much covalent contribution to its bonding and hence it has a limited coordination chemistry, like yttrium and the other lanthanides.^[22] Lanthanum oxalate does not dissolve very much in alkali-metal oxalate solutions, and [La(acac)₃(H₂O)₂] decomposes around 500 °C. Oxygen is the most common donor atom in lanthanum complexes, which are mostly ionic and often have high coordination numbers over 6: 8 is the most characteristic, forming square antiprismatic and dodecadeltahedral structures. These high-coordinate species, reaching up to coordination number 12 with the use of chelating ligands such as in La₂(SO₄)₃·9H₂O, often have a low degree of symmetry because of stereo-chemical factors.^[22]

Lanthanum chemistry tends not to involve π bonding due to the electron configuration of the element: thus its organometallic chemistry is quite limited. The best characterized organolanthanum compounds are the cyclopentadienyl complex La(C₅H₅)₃, which is produced by reacting anhydrous LaCl₃ with NaC₅H₅ in tetrahydrofuran, and its methyl-substituted derivatives.^[23]

History

Carl Gustaf Mosander, discoverer of lanthanum

In 1751, the Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt discovered a heavy mineral from the mine at Bastnäs, later named cerite. Thirty years later, the fifteen-year-old Vilhelm Hisinger, from the family owning the mine, sent a sample of it to Carl Scheele, who did not find any new elements within. In 1803, after Hisinger had become an ironmaster, he returned to the mineral with Jöns Jacob Berzelius and isolated a new oxide which they named ceria after the dwarf planet Ceres, which had been discovered two years earlier.^[24] Ceria was simultaneously independently isolated in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth.^[25] Between 1839 and 1843, ceria was shown to be a mixture of oxides by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander, who lived in the same house as Berzelius: he separated out two other oxides which he named lanthana and didymia.^[26] He partially decomposed a sample of cerium nitrate by roasting it in air and then treating the resulting oxide with dilute nitric acid.^[27] Since lanthanum's properties differed only slightly from those of cerium, and occurred along with it in its salts, he named it from the Ancient Greek λανθάνειν [lanthanein] (lit. to lie hidden).^[25] Relatively pure lanthanum metal was first isolated in 1923.^[8]

Occurrence and production

Lanthanum is the third-most abundant of all the lanthanides, making up 39 mg/kg of the Earth's crust, behind neodymium at 41.5 mg/kg and cerium at 66.5 mg/kg. It is almost three times as abundant as lead in the Earth's crust.^[28] Despite being among the so-called "rare earth metals", lanthanum is thus not rare at all, but it is historically so named because it is rarer than "common earths" such as lime and magnesia, and historically only a few deposits were known. Lanthanum is considered a rare earth metal because the process to mine it is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive.^[8] Lanthanum is rarely the dominant lanthanide found in the rare earth minerals, and in their chemical formulae it is usually preceded by cerium. Rare examples of La-dominant minerals are monazite-(La) and lanthanite-(La).^[29]

The La³⁺ ion is similarly-sized to the early lanthanides of the cerium group (those up to samarium and europium) that immediately follow in the periodic table, and hence it tends to occur along with them in phosphate, silicate and carbonate minerals, such as monazite (M^IIIPO₄) and bastnäsite (M^IIICO₃F), where M refers to all the rare earth metals except scandium and the radioactive promethium (mostly Ce, La, and Y).^[30] Bastnäsite is usually lacking in thorium and the heavy lanthanides, and the purification of the light lanthanides from it is less involved. The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, evolving carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon tetrafluoride: the product is then dried and leached with water, leaving the early lanthanide ions, including lanthanum, in solution.^[31]

The procedure for monazite, which usually contains all the rare earths as well as thorium, is more involved. Monazite, because of its magnetic properties, can be separated by repeated electromagnetic separation. After separation, it is treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to produce water-soluble sulfates of rare earths. The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with sodium hydroxide to pH 3-4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that, the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths to their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components, cerium, whose oxide is insoluble in HNO₃. Lanthanum is separated as a double salt with ammonium nitrate by crystallization. This salt is relatively less soluble than other rare earth double salts and therefore stays in the residue.^[8] Care must be taken when handling some of the residues as they contain ²²⁸Ra, the daughter of ²³²Th, which is a strong gamma emitter.^[31] Lanthanum is relatively easy to extract as it has only one neighbouring lanthanide, cerium, which can be removed by making use of its ability to be oxidised to the +4 state; thereafter, lanthanum may be separated out by the historical method of fractional crystallization of La(NO₃)₃·2NH₄NO₃·4H₂O, or by ion-exchange techniques when higher purity is desired.^[31]

Lanthanum metal is obtained from its oxide by heating it with ammonium chloride or fluoride and hydrofluoric acid at 300-400 °C to produce the chloride or fluoride:^[8]

La₂O₃ + 6 NH₄Cl → 2 LaCl₃ + 6 NH₃ + 3 H₂O

This is followed by reduction with alkali or alkaline earth metals in vacuum or argon atmosphere:^[8]

LaCl₃ + 3 Li → La + 3 LiCl

Also, pure lanthanum can be produced by electrolysis of molten mixture of anhydrous LaCl₃ and NaCl or KCl at elevated temperatures.^[8]

Applications

A Coleman white gas lantern mantle burning at full brightness

The first historical application of lanthanum was in gas lantern mantles. Carl Auer von Welsbach used a mixture of lanthanum oxide and zirconium oxide, which he called Actinophor and patented in 1886. The original mantles gave a green-tinted light and were not very successful, and his first company, which established a factory in Atzgersdorf in 1887, failed in 1889.^[32]

Modern uses of lanthanum include:

LaB
₆ hot cathode

Comparison of infrared transmittance of ZBLAN glass and silica

One material used for anodic material of nickel-metal hydride batteries is La(Ni
_3.6Mn
_0.4Al
_0.3Co
_0.7). Due to high cost to extract the other lanthanides, a mischmetal with more than 50% of lanthanum is used instead of pure lanthanum. The compound is an intermetallic component of the AB
₅ type.^[33]^[34]

As most hybrid cars use nickel-metal hydride batteries, massive quantities of lanthanum are required for the production of hybrid automobiles. A typical hybrid automobile battery for a Toyota Prius requires 10 to 15 kilograms (22 to 33 lb) of lanthanum. As engineers push the technology to increase fuel efficiency, twice that amount of lanthanum could be required per vehicle.^[35]^[36]

Hydrogen sponge alloys can contain lanthanum. These alloys are capable of storing up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas in a reversible adsorption process. Heat energy is released every time they do so; therefore these alloys have possibilities in energy conservation systems.^[12]^[37]
Mischmetal, a pyrophoric alloy used in lighter flints, contains 25% to 45% lanthanum.^[38]
Lanthanum oxide and the boride are used in electronic vacuum tubes as hot cathode materials with strong emissivity of electrons. Crystals of LaB
₆ are used in high-brightness, extended-life, thermionic electron emission sources for electron microscopes and Hall-effect thrusters.^[39]
Lanthanum trifluoride (LaF
₃) is an essential component of a heavy fluoride glass named ZBLAN. This glass has superior transmittance in the infrared range and is therefore used for fiber-optical communication systems.^[40]
Cerium-doped lanthanum bromide and lanthanum chloride are the recent inorganic scintillators, which have a combination of high light yield, best energy resolution, and fast response. Their high yield converts into superior energy resolution; moreover, the light output is very stable and quite high over a very wide range of temperatures, making it particularly attractive for high-temperature applications. These scintillators are already widely used commercially in detectors of neutrons or gamma rays.^[41]
Carbon arc lamps use a mixture of rare earth elements to improve the light quality. This application, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection, consumed about 25% of the rare-earth compounds produced until the phase out of carbon arc lamps.^[12]^[42]
Lanthanum(III) oxide (La
₂O
₃) improves the alkali resistance of glass and is used in making special optical glasses, such as infrared-absorbing glass, as well as camera and telescope lenses, because of the high refractive index and low dispersion of rare-earth glasses.^[12] Lanthanum oxide is also used as a grain-growth additive during the liquid-phase sintering of silicon nitride and zirconium diboride.^[43]
Small amounts of lanthanum added to steel improves its malleability, resistance to impact, and ductility, whereas addition of lanthanum to molybdenum decreases its hardness and sensitivity to temperature variations.^[12]
Small amounts of lanthanum are present in many pool products to remove the phosphates that feed algae.^[44]
Lanthanum oxide additive to tungsten is used in gas tungsten arc welding electrodes, as a substitute for radioactive thorium.^[45]^[46]
Various compounds of lanthanum and other rare-earth elements (oxides, chlorides, etc.) are components of various catalysis, such as petroleum cracking catalysts.^[47]
Lanthanum-barium radiometric dating is used to estimate age of rocks and ores, though the technique has limited popularity.^[48]
Lanthanum carbonate was approved as a medication (Fosrenol, Shire Pharmaceuticals) to absorb excess phosphate in cases of end-stage renal failure.^[49]
Lanthanum fluoride is used in phosphor lamp coatings. Mixed with europium fluoride, it is also applied in the crystal membrane of fluoride ion-selective electrodes.^[8]
Like horseradish peroxidase, lanthanum is used as an electron-dense tracer in molecular biology.^[50]
Lanthanum-modified bentonite (or phoslock) is used to remove phosphates from water in lake treatments.^[51]

Biological role

Lanthanum has no known biological role in humans. The element is very poorly absorbed after oral administration and when injected its elimination is very slow. Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) was approved as a phosphate binder to absorb excess phosphate in cases of end stage renal disease.^[49]

While lanthanum has pharmacological effects on several receptors and ion channels, its specificity for the GABA receptor is unique among trivalent cations. Lanthanum acts at the same modulatory site on the GABA receptor as zinc, a known negative allosteric modulator. The lanthanum cation La³⁺ is a positive allosteric modulator at native and recombinant GABA receptors, increasing open channel time and decreasing desensitization in a subunit configuration dependent manner.^[52]

Lanthanum is an essential cofactor for the methanol dehydrogenase of the methanotrophic bacterium Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, although the great chemical similarity of the lanthanides means that it may be substituted with cerium, praseodymium, or neodymium without ill effects, and with the smaller samarium, europium, or gadolinium giving no side effects other than slower growth.^[53]

Precautions

Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity and should be handled with care. The injection of lanthanum solutions produces hyperglycemia, low blood pressure, degeneration of the spleen and hepatic alterations.^{[citation needed]} The application in carbon arc light led to the exposure of people to rare earth element oxides and fluorides, which sometimes led to pneumoconiosis.^[55]^[56] As the La³⁺ ion is similar in size to the Ca²⁺ ion, it is sometimes used as an easily traced substitute for the latter in medical studies.^[57] Lanthanum, like the other lanthanides, is known to affect human metabolism, lowering cholesterol levels, blood pressure, appetite, and risk of blood coagulation. When injected into the brain, it acts as a painkiller, similarly to morphine and other opiates, though the mechanism behind this is still unknown.^[57]

Notes

^ Lanthanum is not always considered to be a lanthanide, partly because the term "lanthanide" means "like lanthanum" and therefore logically cannot include lanthanum itself, and also because lanthanum lacks the 4f electrons characteristic of the rest of the lanthanide series. This use of the term "lanthanide" is thus limited to the fourteen elements between cerium and lutetium inclusive.^[5]

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- (Berzelius) (1839) "Nouveau métal" (New metal), Comptes rendus, 8 : 356-357. From p. 356: "L'oxide de cérium, extrait de la cérite par la procédé ordinaire, contient à peu près les deux cinquièmes de son poids de l'oxide du nouveau métal qui ne change que peu les propriétés du cérium, et qui s'y tient pour ainsi dire caché. Cette raison a engagé M. Mosander à donner au nouveau métal le nom de Lantane." (The oxide of cerium, extracted from cerite by the usual procedure, contains almost two fifths of its weight in the oxide of the new metal, which differs only slightly from the properties of cerium, and which is held in it so to speak "hidden". This reason motivated Mr. Mosander to give to the new metal the name Lantane.)
- (Berzelius) (1839) "Latanium — a new metal," Philosophical Magazine, new series, 14 : 390-391.
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^ C. K. Gupta; Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy (2004). Extractive metallurgy of rare earths. CRC Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-415-33340-5.
^ S. Nakai; A. Masuda; B. Lehmann (1988). "La-Ba dating of bastnaesite" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 7 (1–2): 1111. Bibcode:1988ChGeo..70...12N. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(88)90211-2.
^ ^a ^b "FDA approves Fosrenol(R) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients". 28 October 2004. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
^ Chau YP; Lu KS (1995). "Investigation of the blood-ganglion barrier properties in rat sympathetic ganglia by using lanthanum ion and horseradish peroxidase as tracers". Acta Anatomica. 153 (2): 135–144. doi:10.1159/000313647. ISSN 0001-5180. PMID 8560966.
^ Hagheseresht; Wang, Shaobin; Do, D. D. (2009). "A novel lanthanum-modified bentonite, Phoslock, for phosphate removal from wastewaters". Applied Clay Science. 46 (4): 369–375. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2009.09.009.
^ Boldyreva, A. A. (2005). "Lanthanum Potentiates GABA-Activated Currents in Rat Pyramidal Neurons of CA1 Hippocampal Field". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 140 (4): 403–5. doi:10.1007/s10517-005-0503-z. PMID 16671565.
^ Pol, Arjan; Barends, Thomas R. M.; Dietl, Andreas; Khadem, Ahmad F.; Eygensteyn, Jelle; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Op Den Camp, Huub J. M. (2013). "Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots". Environmental Microbiology. 16 (1): 255–64. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12249. PMID 24034209.
^ https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/261130?lang=en&region=US
^ Dufresne, A.; Krier, G.; Muller, J.; Case, B.; Perrault, G. (1994). "Lanthanide particles in the lung of a printer". Science of the Total Environment. 151 (3): 249–252. Bibcode:1994ScTEn.151..249D. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(94)90474-X. PMID 8085148.
^ Waring, P. M.; Watling, R. J. (1990). "Rare earth deposits in a deceased movie projectionist. A new case of rare earth pneumoconiosis". The Medical Journal of Australia. 153 (11–12): 726–30. PMID 2247001.
^ ^a ^b Emsley, John (2011). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 266–77. ISBN 9780199605637.

Bibliography

Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 慢性腎疾患における高リン血症の治療 treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease
2. 急性腎障害（急性腎不全）のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of acute kidney injury acute renal failure
3. 透析患者における二次性副甲状腺機能亢進症およびミネラル代謝異常のマネージメント management of secondary hyperparathyroidism and mineral metabolism abnormalities in dialysis patients
4. カルシフィラキシス calciphylaxis
5. 慢性腎疾患を有する透析前の成人患者における二次性副甲状腺機能亢進症およびミネラル
代謝異常のマネージメント management of secondary hyperparathyroidism and mineral metabolism abnormalities in adult predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease

English Journal

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by alkaline-activated and lanthanum-impregnated zeolite.

He Y1, Lin H2, Dong Y1, Liu Q1, Wang L1.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2016 Dec;164:387-395. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.110. Epub 2016 Sep 3.
Simultaneous ammonium and phosphate removal characteristics and mechanism, as well as the major influencing factors, such as pH, temperature and co-existing ions, onto NaOH-activated and lanthanum-impregnated zeolite (NLZ) were investigated. The phosphate adsorption increases from 0.2 mg g-1 for n
PMID 27596826

Novel PVA/MOF Nanofibres: Fabrication, Evaluation and Adsorption of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solution.

Shooto ND1, Dikio CW2, Wankasi D2, Sikhwivhilu LM3, Mtunzi FM2, Dikio ED4.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):414. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1631-2. Epub 2016 Sep 20.
Plain polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibres and novel polyvinyl alcohol benzene tetracarboxylate nanofibres incorporated with strontium, lanthanum and antimony ((PVA/Sr-TBC), (PVA/La-TBC) and (PVA/Sb-TBC)), respectively, where TBC is benzene 1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate adsorbents, were fabricated by elect
PMID 27644240

The effect of lanthanides on photosynthesis, growth, and chlorophyll profile of the green alga Desmodesmus quadricauda.

Řezanka T1, Kaineder K2, Mezricky D2, Řezanka M3, Bišová K4, Zachleder V4, Vítová M5.
Photosynthesis research.Photosynth Res.2016 Dec;130(1-3):335-346. Epub 2016 Apr 25.
Lanthanides (La, Gd, Nd, Ce) accumulated in the green alga Desmodesmus quadricauda but their intracellular localizations were distinctly different: lanthanum and gadolinium were localized in cytoplasm, while neodymium and cerium were in the chloroplast. The effect of lanthanum and neodymium, as repr
PMID 27113221

Alumina nanocomposites: a comparative approach highlighting the improved characteristics of nanocomposites for phosphopeptides enrichment.

Najam-Ul-Haq M1, Jabeen F2, Fatima B2, Ashiq MN2, Hussain D2.
Amino acids.Amino Acids.2016 Nov;48(11):2571-2579. Epub 2016 Jun 23.
The work is based on the comparative study of metal oxide nanocomposites based on alumina in combination with two transition metal oxides (zirconia and titania) and two lanthanide oxides (ceria and lanthanum oxide). The choice is based on specific aims, i.e. to improve the limitations of individual
PMID 27339789

Japanese Journal

Oxygen pumping based on <i>c</i>-axis-oriented lanthanum silicate ceramics: challenge toward low operating temperature

大日本窯業協會雑誌, 2019
NAID 130007518902

Successful Treatment of Tumoral Calcinosis by Lanthanum Carbonate: A Case Report

Internal Medicine, 2019
NAID 130007439038

Early Gastric Cancer with Diffuse Lanthanum Deposition

Internal Medicine, 2019
NAID 130007438852

Ca2+-permeable mechanosensitive channels MCA1 and MCA2 mediate cold-induced cytosolic Ca2+ increase and cold tolerance in Arabidopsis

Scientific reports 8, 550, 2018-11
NAID 120006414315

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「La」

Lanthanum
Hazards
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word	Danger
GHS hazard statements	H260
GHS precautionary statements	P223, P231+232, P370+378, P422
NFPA 704	4 0 2 W

Lanthanum, ₅₇La
Lanthanum
Pronunciation	/ˈlænθənəm/ (LAN-thə-nəm)
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(La)	138.90547(7)
Lanthanum in the periodic table
	barium ← lanthanum → cerium
Atomic number (Z)	57
Group	group 3
Period	period 6
Block	d-block or f-block
Element category	lanthanide, sometimes considered a transition metal
Electron configuration	[Xe] 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1193 K (920 °C, 1688 °F)
Boiling point	3737 K (3464 °C, 6267 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	6.162 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	5.94 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	6.20 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	400 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	27.11 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	+1, +2, +3 (a strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.10
Ionization energies	1st: 538.1 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1067 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 1850.3 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 187 pm
Covalent radius	207±8 pm
	Spectral lines of lanthanum
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	2475 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	α, poly: 12.1 µm/(m·K) (at r.t.)
Thermal conductivity	13.4 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 615 nΩ·m (at r.t.)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	+118.0·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	α form: 36.6 GPa
Shear modulus	α form: 14.3 GPa
Bulk modulus	α form: 27.9 GPa
Poisson ratio	α form: 0.280
Mohs hardness	2.5
Vickers hardness	360–1750 MPa
Brinell hardness	350–400 MPa
CAS Number	7439-91-0
History
Discovery	Carl Gustaf Mosander (1838)
Main isotopes of lanthanum
β−	138Ce
	view; talk; edit; \| references

外見
	銀白色;
一般特性
名称, 記号, 番号	ランタン, La, 57
分類	ランタノイド
族, 周期, ブロック	n/a, 6, fまたはd
原子量	138.90547
電子配置	[Xe] 5d1 6s2
電子殻	2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2（画像）
物理特性
相	固体
密度（室温付近）	6.162 g/cm3
融点での液体密度	5.94 g/cm3
融点	1193 K, 920 °C, 1688 °F
沸点	3737 K, 3464 °C, 6267 °F
融解熱	6.20 kJ/mol
蒸発熱	402.1 kJ/mol
熱容量	(25 °C) 27.11 J/(mol·K)
蒸気圧（推定）
原子特性
酸化数	3, 2（強塩基性酸化物）
電気陰性度	1.10（ポーリングの値）
イオン化エネルギー	第1： 538.1 kJ/mol
	第2： 1067 kJ/mol
	第3： 1850.3 kJ/mol
原子半径	187 pm
共有結合半径	207 ± 8 pm
その他
結晶構造	六方晶系
磁性	常磁性
電気抵抗率	(r.t.) (α, poly) 615 nΩ·m
熱伝導率	(300 K) 13.4 W/(m·K)
熱膨張率	(r.t.) (α, poly) 12.1 µm/(m·K)
音の伝わる速さ; （微細ロッド）	(20 °C) 2475 m/s
ヤング率	(α) 36.6 GPa
剛性率	(α) 14.3 GPa
体積弾性率	(α) 27.9 GPa
ポアソン比	(α) 0.280
モース硬度	2.5
ビッカース硬度	491 MPa
ブリネル硬度	363 MPa
CAS登録番号	7439-91-0
主な同位体
	詳細はランタンの同位体を参照
	表示

　　[★]

ランタン

関: lanthanum

[magnet-1] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC press. (2000). ISBN 0849304814. オリジナルの2012年1月12日時点によるアーカイブ。.

[sakurai-2] 桜井弘『元素111の新知識』講談社、1998年、259頁。ISBN 4-06-257192-7。

[6] Lanthanum is not always considered to be a lanthanide, partly because the term "lanthanide" means "like lanthanum" and therefore logically cannot include lanthanum itself, and also because lanthanum lacks the 4f electrons characteristic of the rest of the lanthanide series. This use of the term "lanthanide" is thus limited to the fourteen elements between cerium and lutetium inclusive.^[5]

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[magnet-2] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[3] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[4] "Monazite-(Ce) Mineral Data". Webmineral. Retrieved 10 July 2016.

[Greenwood1227-5] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1227. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[Greenwood1102-7] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1102

[Greenwood1106-8] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1106

[patnaik-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds. McGraw-Hill. pp. 444–446. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

[10] Cullity, B. D. and Graham, C. D. (2011) Introduction to Magnetic Materials, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781118211496

[11] Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar and Gupta, Chiranjib Kumar (2004) Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, CRC Press, ISBN 0-415-33340-7

[Greenwood1429-12] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1429

[CRC-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[radio-14] The Radiochemistry of the Rare Earths, Scandium, Yttrium, and Actinium

[Greenwood1105-15] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1105–7

[16] "Rare-Earth Metal Long Term Air Exposure Test". Retrieved 2009-08-08.

[webelements-17] "Chemical reactions of Lanthanum". Webelements. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

[Greenwood1434-18] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1434

[Audi-19] Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001

[nu-process-20] S. E. Woosley, D. H. Hartmann, R. D. Hoffman, W. C. Haxton: The ν-process. In: The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 356, 1990, p. 272-301. (doi:10.1086/168839)

[Greenwood1107-21] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1107–8

[Fukai-22] Fukai, Y. (2005). The Metal-Hydrogen System, Basic Bulk Properties, 2d edition. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-00494-3.

[Greenwood1108-23] Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1108–9

[Greenwood1110-24] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1110

[25] "The Discovery and Naming of the Rare Earths". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 23 June 2016.

[Greenwood1424-26] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1424

[Weeks-27] Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The Discovery of the Elements: XI. Some Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium:Zirconium, Titanium, Cerium and Thorium". The Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (7): 1231–1243. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1231W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1231.

[28] See:
(Berzelius) (1839) "Nouveau métal" (New metal), Comptes rendus, 8 : 356-357. From p. 356: "L'oxide de cérium, extrait de la cérite par la procédé ordinaire, contient à peu près les deux cinquièmes de son poids de l'oxide du nouveau métal qui ne change que peu les propriétés du cérium, et qui s'y tient pour ainsi dire caché. Cette raison a engagé M. Mosander à donner au nouveau métal le nom de Lantane." (The oxide of cerium, extracted from cerite by the usual procedure, contains almost two fifths of its weight in the oxide of the new metal, which differs only slightly from the properties of cerium, and which is held in it so to speak "hidden". This reason motivated Mr. Mosander to give to the new metal the name Lantane.)

(Berzelius) (1839) "Latanium — a new metal," Philosophical Magazine, new series, 14 : 390-391.

[31] (Berzelius) (1839) "Nouveau métal" (New metal), Comptes rendus, 8 : 356-357. From p. 356: "L'oxide de cérium, extrait de la cérite par la procédé ordinaire, contient à peu près les deux cinquièmes de son poids de l'oxide du nouveau métal qui ne change que peu les propriétés du cérium, et qui s'y tient pour ainsi dire caché. Cette raison a engagé M. Mosander à donner au nouveau métal le nom de Lantane." (The oxide of cerium, extracted from cerite by the usual procedure, contains almost two fifths of its weight in the oxide of the new metal, which differs only slightly from the properties of cerium, and which is held in it so to speak "hidden". This reason motivated Mr. Mosander to give to the new metal the name Lantane.)

[32] (Berzelius) (1839) "Latanium — a new metal," Philosophical Magazine, new series, 14 : 390-391.

[29] "It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements". Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.

[30] Hudson Institute of Mineralogy (1993–2018). "Mindat.org". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.

[Greenwood1103-31] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1103

[Greenwood1426-32] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1426–9

[33] Evans, C. H., ed. (2012-12-06). Episodes from the History of the Rare Earth Elements. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 122. ISBN 9789400902879.

[34] "Inside the Nickel Metal Hydride Battery" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

[35] Tliha, M.; Mathlouthi, H.; Lamloumi, J.; Percheronguegan, A. (2007). "AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy used as anodic materials in Ni-MH batteries". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 436 (1–2): 221–225. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.07.012.

[36] "As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms". Reuters 2009-08-31. 2009-08-31.

[37] Bauerlein, P.; Antonius, C.; Loffler, J.; Kumpers, J. (2008). "Progress in high-power nickel–metal hydride batteries". Journal of Power Sources. 176 (2): 547. Bibcode:2008JPS...176..547B. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.052.

[38] Uchida, H. (1999). "Hydrogen solubility in rare earth based hydrogen storage alloys". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 24 (9): 871–877. doi:10.1016/S0360-3199(98)00161-X.

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[40] Jason D. Sommerville & Lyon B. King. "Effect of Cathode Position on Hall-Effect Thruster Performance and Cathode Coupling Voltage" (PDF). 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, 8–11 July 2007, Cincinnati, OH. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

[rutg-41] Harrington, James A. "Infrared Fiber Optics" (PDF). Rutgers University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-02.

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[46] Howard B. Cary (1995). Arc welding automation. CRC Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8247-9645-7.

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[49] S. Nakai; A. Masuda; B. Lehmann (1988). "La-Ba dating of bastnaesite" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 7 (1–2): 1111. Bibcode:1988ChGeo..70...12N. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(88)90211-2.

[fosrenol-50] "FDA approves Fosrenol(R) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients". 28 October 2004. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

[51] Chau YP; Lu KS (1995). "Investigation of the blood-ganglion barrier properties in rat sympathetic ganglia by using lanthanum ion and horseradish peroxidase as tracers". Acta Anatomica. 153 (2): 135–144. doi:10.1159/000313647. ISSN 0001-5180. PMID 8560966.

[52] Hagheseresht; Wang, Shaobin; Do, D. D. (2009). "A novel lanthanum-modified bentonite, Phoslock, for phosphate removal from wastewaters". Applied Clay Science. 46 (4): 369–375. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2009.09.009.

[53] Boldyreva, A. A. (2005). "Lanthanum Potentiates GABA-Activated Currents in Rat Pyramidal Neurons of CA1 Hippocampal Field". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 140 (4): 403–5. doi:10.1007/s10517-005-0503-z. PMID 16671565.

[54] Pol, Arjan; Barends, Thomas R. M.; Dietl, Andreas; Khadem, Ahmad F.; Eygensteyn, Jelle; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Op Den Camp, Huub J. M. (2013). "Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots". Environmental Microbiology. 16 (1): 255–64. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12249. PMID 24034209.

[55] ttps://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/261130?lang=en&region=US

[56] Dufresne, A.; Krier, G.; Muller, J.; Case, B.; Perrault, G. (1994). "Lanthanide particles in the lung of a printer". Science of the Total Environment. 151 (3): 249–252. Bibcode:1994ScTEn.151..249D. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(94)90474-X. PMID 8085148.

[57] Waring, P. M.; Watling, R. J. (1990). "Rare earth deposits in a deceased movie projectionist. A new case of rare earth pneumoconiosis". The Medical Journal of Australia. 153 (11–12): 726–30. PMID 2247001.

[Emsley-58] Emsley, John (2011). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 266–77. ISBN 9780199605637.

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lanthanum