同: polypeptide YY

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/18 13:24:03」(JST)

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Peptide YY (PYY) also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine or pancreatic peptide YY_3-36 is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the PYY gene.^[1] Peptide YY is a short (36-amino acid) peptide released by cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In the blood, gut, and other elements of periphery, PYY acts to reduce appetite; but when injected directly into the central nervous system, PYY is anorexigenic, i.e., it decreases appetite.^[2]

Peptide YY can be produced as the result of enzymatic breakdown of crude fish proteins and ingested as a food product.^[3]

Structure

Peptide YY is related to the pancreatic peptide family by having 18 of its 36 amino acids located in the same positions as pancreatic peptide.^[4] The two major forms of peptide YY are PYY_1-36 and PYY_3-36, which have PP fold structural motifs. However, the most common form of circulating PYY immunoreactivity is PYY_3-36, which binds to the Y2 receptor (Y2R) of the Y family of receptors.^[5] Peptide YY_3-36 (PYY) is a linear polypeptide consisting of 36 amino acids with structural homology to NPY and pancreatic polypeptide.

Release

PYY is found in L cells in the mucosa of gastrointestinal tract, especially in ileum and colon. Also, a small amount of PYY, about 1-10%, is found in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and jejunum.^[6] PYY concentration in the circulation increases postprandially (after food ingestion) and decreases by fasting.^[5] In addition, PYY is produced by a discrete population of neurons in the brainstem, specifically localized to the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata.^[7] C. R. Gustavsen et al. had found PYY-producing cells located in the islets of Langerhans in rats. They were observed either alone or co-localized with glucagon or PP.^[8]

Function

PYY exerts its action through NPY receptors; it inhibits gastric motility and increases water and electrolyte absorption in the colon.^[9] PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion. It is secreted by the neuroendocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. PYY works by slowing the gastric emptying; hence, it increases efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Research has also indicated PYY may be useful in removing aluminium accumulated in the brain.^{[citation needed]}

Animal studies

Several studies have shown acute peripheral administration of PYY_3-36 inhibits feeding of rodents and primates. Other studies on Y2R-knockout mice have shown no anorectic effect on them. These findings indicate PYY_3-36 has an anorectic (losing appetite) effect, which is suggested to be mediated by Y2R. PYY-knockout female mice increase in body weight and fat mass. PYY-knockout mice, on the other hand, are resistant to obesity, but have higher fat mass and lower glucose tolerance when fed a high-fat diet, compared to control mice. Thus, PYY also plays a very important role in energy homeostasis by balancing food intake.^[5] PYY oral spray was found to promote fullness.^[10] Viral gene therapy of the salivary glands resulted in long-term intake reduction.^[11]

Relevance to obesity

Leptin also reduces appetite in response to feeding, but obese people develop a resistance to leptin. Obese people secrete less PYY than non-obese people,^[12] and attempts to use PYY directly as a weight-loss drug have met with some success. Researchers noted the caloric intake during a buffet lunch offered two hours after the infusion of PYY was decreased by 30% in obese subjects (P<0.001) and 31% in lean subjects (P<0.001).^[13]

While some studies have shown obese persons have lower circulating level of PYY postprandially, other studies have reported they have normal sensitivity to the anorectic effect of PYY_3-36. Thus, reduction in PYY sensitivity may not be one of the causes of obesity, in contrast to the reduction of leptin sensitivity. The anorectic effect of PYY could possibly be a future obesity drug.^[5]

The consumption of protein boosts PYY levels, so some benefit was observed in experimental subjects in reducing hunger and promoting weight loss.^[14] This would help explain the weight-loss experienced with high-protein diets.

Obese patients undergoing gastric bypass showed marked metabolic adaptations, resulting in frequent diabetes remission 1 year later. When the confounding of calorie restriction is factored out, β-cell function improves rapidly, very possibly under the influence of enhanced GLP-1 responsiveness. Insulin sensitivity improves in proportion to weight loss, with a possible involvement of PYY.^[15]

References

^ EntrezGene 5697
^ Woods S. C., D'Alessio D. A. (2008). "Central control of body weight and appetite". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 (11 Suppl 1): S37–50. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1630.
^ http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/mccormick/pdf/Murashita%20et%20al%202009.pdf
^ DeGroot, Leslie Jacob (1989). J. E. McGuigan, ed. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 2754. ISBN 0-7216-2888-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Murphy KG, Bloom SR (December 2006). "Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis". Nature 444 (7121): 854–9. doi:10.1038/nature05484. PMID 17167473.
^ Taylor IL (March 1985). "Distribution and release of peptide YY in dog measured by specific radioimmunoassay". Gastroenterology 88 (3): 731–7. PMID 3838162.
^ Glavas MM, Grayson BE, Allen SE, Copp DR, Smith MS, Cowley MA, Grove KL (2008). "Characterization of brainstem peptide YY (PYY) neurons". J Comp Neurol 506 (2): 194–210. doi:10.1002/cne.21543. PMID 18022952.
^ Gustavsen CR, Pillay N, Heller RS (2008). "An immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of the African ice rat, Otomys sloggetti robertsi". Acta Histochem. 110 (4): 294–301. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.003. PMID 18406449.
^ Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6. PMID 8607584.
^ "UF researchers use oral peptide spray to stimulate weight loss in animals". Dec 19, 2013.
^ "Salivary PYY: a putative bypass to satiety.". PLOS ONE 6: e26137. 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026137. PMID 22028819.
^ Alvarez Bartolomé M, Borque M, Martinez-Sarmiento J, Aparicio E, Hernández C, Cabrerizo L, Fernández-Represa JA (June 2002). "Peptide YY secretion in morbidly obese patients before and after vertical banded gastroplasty". Obes Surg 12 (3): 324–7. doi:10.1381/096089202321088084. PMID 12082881.
^ Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (September 2003). "Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36". The New England Journal of Medicine 349 (10): 941–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030204. PMID 12954742.
^ Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, Chivers J, Chandarana K, Herzog H, Le Roux CW, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Withers DJ (2006). "Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation". Cell Metabolism 4 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.08.001. PMID 16950139.
^ Nannipieri M, Baldi S, Mari A, Colligiani D, Guarino D, Camastra S, Barsotti E, Berta R, Moriconi D, Bellini R, Anselmino M, Ferrannini E (November 2013). "Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission and Role of Gut Hormones". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 (11): 4391–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2538. PMID 24057293.

External links

Peptide YY at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 膵ポリペプチド、ペプチドYY、およびニューロペプチドY pancreatic polypeptide peptide yy and neuropeptide y
2. 肥満の薬物療法 drug therapy of obesity
3. 健常者および疾患を有する患者における消化管ホルモンの概要 overview of gastrointestinal peptides in health and disease
4. 胃腸ペプチドの合成、分泌、および調節 synthesis secretion and regulation of gastrointestinal peptides
5. 胃酸分泌の生理学 physiology of gastric acid secretion

English Journal

Use of satiety peptides in assessing the satiating capacity of foods.

Mars M, Stafleu A, de Graaf C.SourceTop Institute Food and Nutrition, PO Box 557, NL-6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, POBox 8129, NL-6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Physiology & behavior.Physiol Behav.2012 Jan 18;105(2):483-8. Epub 2011 Sep 2.
Foods differ in their satiating capacity. Satiety peptides may help to provide evidence for biological mechanisms behind these differences. The aim of this paper was to discuss the physiological relevance of three individual appetite peptides, i.e. CCK, GLP-1 and PYY, in assessing the satiating capa
PMID 21907727

Role of neuropeptide Y Y₁ and Y₂ receptors on behavioral despair in a rat model of depression with co-morbid anxiety.

Morales-Medina JC, Dumont Y, Benoit CE, Bastianetto S, Flores G, Fournier A, Quirion R.SourceDepartment of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.
Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2012 Jan;62(1):200-8. Epub 2011 Jul 23.
Accumulated evidence suggests that neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in emotional disorders by acting on Y(1) and Y(2) receptors. This hypothesis is based on animal studies carried out in naïve normal animals but not in animal models of depression, including the olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) rat. Th
PMID 21803058

Japanese Journal

Neural regulation of hindlimb muscle contraction-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY secretion in rats

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 4(1), 125-131, 2015
NAID 130005130588

(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces secretion of anorexigenic gut hormones

Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 57(2), 164-169, 2015
NAID 130005096234

Effects of miglitol, vildagliptin, or their combination on serum insulin and peptide YY levels and plasma glucose, cholecystokinin, ghrelin, and obestatin levels

Endocrine Journal 61(3), 249-256, 2014
NAID 130004443941

Related Pictures

Pyy - Bonasa bonasia (Hazel Grouse) Selvä pyy Description Pyy (Tetrastes bonasia).jpg ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤/LINNUT/Pyy Pyy - levinneisyys Suomessa - Lintuatlas Pyy, Tetrastes bonasia - Linnut PYY, Hazel Grouse, Tetrastes bonasia Olli Korhonen | Pyy kuin pullea pallo

★リンクテーブル★

「P」

Peptide YY
	PDB rendering based on 1qbf.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2DEZ, 2DF0, 2L60
Identifiers
Symbols	PYY ; PYY-I; PYY1
External IDs	OMIM: 600781 MGI: 99924 HomoloGene: 3066 GeneCards: PYY Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• G-protein coupled receptor binding; • hormone activity; • neuropeptide hormone activity; • protein binding;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • extracellular space;
Biological process	• movement of cell or subcellular component; • cytoskeleton organization; • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; • neuropeptide signaling pathway; • cell-cell signaling; • digestion; • feeding behavior; • cell proliferation; • regulation of appetite; • eating behavior;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	v; t; e;

　　[★]

[entrez-1] EntrezGene 5697

[2] Woods S. C., D'Alessio D. A. (2008). "Central control of body weight and appetite". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 (11 Suppl 1): S37–50. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1630.

[3] ttp://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/mccormick/pdf/Murashita%20et%20al%202009.pdf

[isbn0-7216-2888-5-4] DeGroot, Leslie Jacob (1989). J. E. McGuigan, ed. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 2754. ISBN 0-7216-2888-5.

[pmid17167473-5] Murphy KG, Bloom SR (December 2006). "Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis". Nature 444 (7121): 854–9. doi:10.1038/nature05484. PMID 17167473.

[pmid3838162-6] Taylor IL (March 1985). "Distribution and release of peptide YY in dog measured by specific radioimmunoassay". Gastroenterology 88 (3): 731–7. PMID 3838162.

[7] Glavas MM, Grayson BE, Allen SE, Copp DR, Smith MS, Cowley MA, Grove KL (2008). "Characterization of brainstem peptide YY (PYY) neurons". J Comp Neurol 506 (2): 194–210. doi:10.1002/cne.21543. PMID 18022952.

[pmid18406449-8] Gustavsen CR, Pillay N, Heller RS (2008). "An immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of the African ice rat, Otomys sloggetti robertsi". Acta Histochem. 110 (4): 294–301. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.003. PMID 18406449.

[9] Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6. PMID 8607584.

[10] "UF researchers use oral peptide spray to stimulate weight loss in animals". Dec 19, 2013.

[11] "Salivary PYY: a putative bypass to satiety.". PLOS ONE 6: e26137. 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026137. PMID 22028819.

[pmid12082881-12] Alvarez Bartolomé M, Borque M, Martinez-Sarmiento J, Aparicio E, Hernández C, Cabrerizo L, Fernández-Represa JA (June 2002). "Peptide YY secretion in morbidly obese patients before and after vertical banded gastroplasty". Obes Surg 12 (3): 324–7. doi:10.1381/096089202321088084. PMID 12082881.

[pmid12954742-13] Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (September 2003). "Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36". The New England Journal of Medicine 349 (10): 941–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030204. PMID 12954742.

[14] Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, Chivers J, Chandarana K, Herzog H, Le Roux CW, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Withers DJ (2006). "Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation". Cell Metabolism 4 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.08.001. PMID 16950139.

[pmid24057293-15] Nannipieri M, Baldi S, Mari A, Colligiani D, Guarino D, Camastra S, Barsotti E, Berta R, Moriconi D, Bellini R, Anselmino M, Ferrannini E (November 2013). "Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission and Role of Gut Hormones". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 (11): 4391–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2538. PMID 24057293.

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PYY