WordNet

sway gently back and forth, as in a nodding motion; "the flowers were nodding in the breeze"
be almost asleep; "The old man sat nodding by the fireplace"
let the head fall forward through drowsiness; "The old man was nodding in his chair"
the act of nodding the head
a sign of assent or salutation or command
express or signify by nodding; "He nodded his approval"
lower and raise the head, as to indicate assent or agreement or confirmation; "The teacher nodded when the student gave the right answer"
manipulate the mouse of a computer
a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad; "a mouse takes much more room than a trackball" (同)computer mouse
any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
person who is quiet or timid
the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)n

PrepTutorEJDIC

(承諾・あいさつ・合図などで)『うなずく』,会釈する / (眠くて)『こっくりする』,(油断して)うとうとする《+off》 / 〈草木・穂などが〉揺れる / (承諾・あいさつなどで)〈頭〉‘を'『うなずかせる』 / …‘を'うなずいて示す / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人〉‘に'うなずいて示す / 《同意・承諾・あいさつ・命令など,また時には拒絶を表して》(…に対する)『うなずき』,『会釈』《+『to』+『名』》;(眠気による)こっくり
『ハツカネズミ』(英米の家によく出没する小型のネズミ;ほが国の家に出没する大型のネズミはrat) / 《話》臆病者,内気な人 / 《猫が》ネズミを捜す(捕らえる) / 《人が》(…を)あさり歩く《+『about』+『名』》
nitrogenの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/30 20:50:40」(JST)

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Non-obese diabetic or NOD mice, like the Biobreeding rat, are used as an animal model for type 1 diabetes.^[1]

History

Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice exhibit a susceptibility to spontaneous development of autoimmune insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).^[2] The NOD strain and related strains were developed at Shionogi Research Laboratories in Aburahi, Japan by Makino and colleagues and first reported in 1980.^[3] The group developed the NOD strain by an outbreeding of the cataract-prone strain from JcI:ICR mice. ^[4]

Characteristics

Diabetes develops in NOD mice as a result of insulitis, a leukocytic infiltrate of the pancreatic islets.^[5] Onset of diabetes is associated with a moderate glycosuria and a non-fasting hyperglycaemia. It is recommended to monitor for development of glycosuria from 10 weeks of age; this can be carried out using urine glucose dipsticks. NOD mice will develop spontaneous diabetes when left in a sterile environment. ^[6] The incidence of spontaneous diabetes in the NOD mouse is 60-80% in females and 20-30% in males. Onset of diabetes also varies between males and females: commonly, onset is delayed in males by several weeks.

Susceptibility

The susceptibility to IDDM is polygenic and environment exerts a strong effect on gene penetrances. Environment including housing conditions, health status, and diet all affect development of diabetes in the mice. For instance, NOD mice maintained in different laboratories can have different levels of incidence. Interestingly, the incidence of disease is linked to Microbiome.^[7]

NOD mice are also susceptible to developing other autoimmune syndromes, including autoimmunine sialitis, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy etc. Diabetes in these mice can be prevented by a single injection of mycobacterial adjuvants such as complete Freund's adjuvant (FCA) or Bacille de Calmette et Guérin or BCG vaccine.^[8]^[9]

Identifying IDDM susceptibility loci

Genetic Loci associated with susceptibility to IDDM have been identified in the NOD mouse strain through the development of congenic mouse strains, which have identified several insulin dependent diabetes (Idd) loci. The most important is idd1which is the major histocompatibilty complex class II loci I-Ag7.^[10]

NOD mice have polymorphisms in the Idd3 locus which are linked to IL-2 production. IL-2 promotes either immunity or tolerance in a concentration dependent fashion by acting on T helper cells, CTL and NK cells. Low amounts of IL-2 may be needed to promote survival of Treg in mice. Loss of IL-2 can thereby contribute to the development of autoimmunity in NOD mice.^[11]

NOD mice have a mutation in exon 2 of the CTLA-4 gene, which causes it to be spliced incorrectly. CTLA-4 plays a major role in suppressing the T-cell immune response. Without the proper functioning of CTLA-4 T-cells attack the insulin producing cells. This results in Type 1 Diabetes.^[12]

References

^ "Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mouse BAC Library". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 2006-05-15.
^ Kikutani H, Makino S (1992). "The murine autoimmune diabetes model: NOD and related strains". Adv. Immunol. 51: 285–322. doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60490-3. PMID 1323922.
^ Makino S, Kunimoto K, Muraoka Y, Mizushima Y, Katagiri K, Tochino Y (1980). "Breeding of a non-obese, diabetic strain of mice". Jikken Dobutsu 29 (1): 1–13. PMID 6995140.
^ Leiter, Edward H (1994). "The NOD Mouse: A Model for Analyzing the Interplay Between Heredity and the Environment in the Development of Autoimmune Disease". ILAR Journal 35 (1): 4–14.
^ Delovitch TL, Singh B. The nonobese diabetic mouse as a model of autoimmune diabetes: immune dysregulation gets the NOD. Immunity. 1997; 7:727-38. PMID 9430219
^ Eisenbarth, GS. Type 1 Diabetes: Molecular Cellular and Clinical Immunology. 2004; 552
^ Wen L, Ley RE, Volchkov PY, Stranges PB, Avanesyan L, Stonebraker AC, Hu C, Wong FS, Szot GL, Bluestone JA, Gordon JI, Chervonsky AV (October 2008). "Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes". Nature 455 (=7216): 1109–13. doi:10.1038/nature07336. PMC 2574766. PMID 18806780.
^ Sadelain MW, Qin HY, Lauzon J, Singh B. Prevention of type I diabetes in NOD mice by adjuvant immunotherapy. Diabetes. 1990;39:583-9. PMID 2139617
^ Qin HY, Sadelain MW, Hitchon C, Lauzon J, Singh B. Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced T cells prevent the development and adoptive transfer of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Immunol. 1993;150:2072-80. PMID 8436836
^ Serreze DV, Leiter EH. Genetic and pathogenic basis of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Curr Opin Immunol. 1994; 6:900-6. PMID 7710714
^ Tang Q, Adams JY, Penaranda C et al. (May 2008). "Central role of defective interleukin-2 production in the triggering of islet autoimmune destruction". Immunity 28 (5): 687–97. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.016. PMC 2394854. PMID 18468463.
^ Hironori Ueda, Joanna M, M. Howson et al. (May 2003). "Association of the T-cell regulatory gene CTLA-4 with susceptibility to autoimmune disease". Nature 423 (6939): 506–11. doi:10.1038/nature01621. PMID 12724780.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 慢性骨髄性白血病の細胞生物学および分子生物学 cellular and molecular biology of chronic myeloid leukemia
2. 1型糖尿病の病因 pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
3. 自己免疫の概要 overview of autoimmunity
4. 造血および幹細胞の機能の概要 overview of hematopoiesis and stem cell function
5. シェーグレン症候群の病因 pathogenesis of sjogrens syndrome

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The induction of autoimmune hepatitis in the human leucocyte antigen-DR4 non-obese diabetic mice autoimmune hepatitis mouse model.

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Japanese Journal

The effect of regulatory T-cell depletion on the spectrum of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in nonobese diabetic mice at different ages.

Nakahara Mami,Nagayama Yuji,Ichikawa Tatsuki,Yu Liping,Eisenbarth George S,Abiru Norio
Autoimmunity 44(6), 504-510, 2011-09
… The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops several autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes and to a lesser extent thyroiditis and sialitis. … Imbalance between effector T cells (Teffs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) has recently been proposed as a mechanism for the disease pathogenesis in NOD mice, but previous studies have shown the various outcomes by different timing and methods of Treg-depletion. …
NAID 120003751841

PS-142-7 TJ-48が1型糖尿病マウス(NOD mouse)糖尿発症に及ぼす影響に関する研究(PS-142 ポスターセッション(142)膵臓:移植,第111回日本外科学会定期学術集会)

杉本光司,島田光生,宇都宮徹,森根裕二,居村暁,池本哲也,松本慎一
日本外科学会雑誌 112(臨時増刊号_1・2), 752, 2011-05-25
NAID 110008685302

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リンク元	「NOD mice」「inbred NOD mice」「非肥満糖尿病マウス」「nonobese diabetic mice」「NODマウス」
関連記事	「N」「NODs」「NO」「nod」