LESS

単孔式腹腔鏡下手術, laparoendoscopic single-site surgery

WordNet

1. comparative of little; "she walks less than she should"; "he works less these days"
2. used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs; "less interesting"; "less expensive"; "less quickly" (同)to a lesser extent
3. (comparative of `little usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree; "of less importance"; "less time to spend with the family"; "a shower uses less water"; "less than three years old"
4. (nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer; "less than three weeks"; "no less than 50 people attended"; "in 25 words or less"
5. (usually preceded by `no'

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (量が)(…より)『もっと少ない』,いっそう少ない;(大きさ・価値・程度などが)(…より)『もっと少ない』,さらに劣る,もっと低い《+『than』…》 / もっと少なく,…ほどでなく《+『than…』》 / 《形容詞・副詞の劣勢の意の比較級を作るのに用いて》…ほど…でない《+『than…』》 / さらに少ない数(量) / …だけ足りない,を引いた

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/25 23:14:04」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

LESS

登場時期	2009
設計者	Alexis Sellier
開発者	Alexis Sellier, Dmitry Fadeyev
最新リリース	1.6.0 / 2014年01月1日 （2014-01-01）
影響を受けた言語	CSS, Sass
影響を与えた言語	Sass, Less Framework
プラットフォーム	Cross-platform
ライセンス	Apache License Ver2
ウェブサイト	lesscss.org
拡張子	.less

LESS（Leaner CSS）は、Alexis Sellierが設計した動的スタイルシート言語である。 Sassに触発され、後にCSSに似たブロック形式構文を採用した新しいSassの「SCSS」構文に影響を与えている。 オープンソースソフトウェアであり、最初のバージョンはRubyで組まれたが、以降は非推奨とされJavaScriptに置き換えられている。 インデント構文はネストされたメタ言語であり、プログラム意味論上、有効なCSSは有効なLESSコードである。 変数、ネスティング、Mixin、演算子及び関数に対応しており、他のCSS用プリコンパイラとの主な違いはブラウザによりLESS.jsを経由してリアルタイムのコンパイルが可能な点である。 クライアント側とサーバー側で実行でき、単純なCSSにコンパイルできる。

変数

変数定義の際には単価記号で始まり、代入記号にコロンを用いる。

変換時に、変数値が出力されCSSに挿入される。

@color: #4D926F;
 
#header {
  color: @color;
}
h2 {
  color: @color;
}

コンパイラ結果

#header {
  color: #4D926F;
}
h2 {
  color: #4D926F;
}

Mixin

クラス内の属性値に別クラス名を指定することで、クラス属性を別クラスに転用して組み込めるので、定数や変数のように振舞うほか、関数のように引数を使用できる。 CSSはミックスインに対応しておらず、同一コードを各位置に連記する必要がある。 これにより効率的なコーディングや記述の簡略化だけでなく、内容変更を容易にする。

.rounded-corners (@radius: 5px) {
  border-radius: @radius;
  -webkit-border-radius: @radius;
  -moz-border-radius: @radius;
}
 
#header {
  .rounded-corners;
}
#footer {
  .rounded-corners(10px);
}

コンパイル結果

#header {
  border-radius: 5px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 5px;
  -moz-border-radius: 5px;
}
#footer {
  border-radius: 10px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 10px;
  -moz-border-radius: 10px;
}

ネスティング

CSSは論理的なネスティングに対応しているが、コードブロック自体がネストされていない。 LESSにより他のセレクタ内部のネストができ、明確な継承や簡略化に役立つ。

#header {
  h1 {
    font-size: 26px;
    font-weight: bold;
  }
  p { 
    font-size: 12px;
    a { 
      text-decoration: none;
      &:hover { 
        border-width: 1px;
      }
    }
  }
}

コンパイル結果

#header h1 {
  font-size: 26px;
  font-weight: bold;
}
#header p {
  font-size: 12px;
}
#header p a {
  text-decoration: none;
}
#header p a:hover {
  border-width: 1px;
}

関数と演算子

演算子はプロパティの値や色の加減乗除を行い特性間の複雑な関係の作成に活用し、 関数は1対1のJavaScriptコードを使用し値の操作を行う。

@the-border: 1px;
@base-color: #111;
@red:        #842210;
 
#header {
  color: @base-color * 3;
  border-left: @the-border;
  border-right: @the-border * 2;
}
#footer { 
  color: @base-color + #003300;
  border-color: desaturate(@red, 10%);
}

コンパイル結果

#header {
  color: #333;
  border-left: 1px;
  border-right: 2px;
}
#footer { 
  color: #114411;
  border-color: #7d2717;
}

比較

Sass

共にCSSプリプロセッサとして、規格化したプログラミング記法で整ったCSSを記述できる。

LESSのVer1.4以降はネスティングや、&:extendsと@extends擬似セレクタを経由した継承に対応した。 それ以前のSassなど他のプリプロセッサとの主な違いは、CSSコードの重複回避に役立つ、クラス全体のルールの継承をサポートするための指向的@extends要素の有無であった。

SassはCSSの簡素化（中括弧などの冗長な要素を構文中から削除するなど）し拡張するため設計された。 一方のLESSは可能な限りCSS記法に従い設計されたので、構文は既存のCSSコードと同じであった。 その結果、既存のCSSは有効なLESSコードとして使用できる。

Sassの新Verでは、SCSS(Sassy CSS)と呼ばれるCSSに似た構文を導入した。

より多くの構文の比較については、https://gist.github.com/674726 を参照。　

脚注

外部リンク

• Official LESS website
• LESS source code repository (Git)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

LESS

Appeared in	2009
Designed by	Alexis Sellier
Developer	Alexis Sellier, Dmitry Fadeyev
Stable release	1.7.0 (February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27T03))
Typing discipline	dynamic
Influenced by	CSS, Sass
Influenced	Sass, Less Framework
OS	Cross-platform
License	Apache License 2
Usual filename extensions	.less
Website	lesscss.org

LESS (Leaner CSS) is a dynamic stylesheet language designed by Alexis Sellier. It is influenced by Sass and has influenced the newer "SCSS" syntax of Sass, which adapted its CSS-like block formatting syntax. LESS is open-source. Its first version was written in Ruby, however in the later versions, use of Ruby has been deprecated and replaced by JavaScript. The indented syntax of LESS is a nested metalanguage, as valid CSS is valid LESS code with the same semantics. LESS provides the following mechanisms: variables, nesting, mixins, operators and functions; the main difference between LESS and other CSS precompilers being that LESS allows real-time compilation via LESS.js by the browser. LESS can run on the client-side and server-side, or can be compiled into plain CSS.

Variables

LESS allows variables to be defined. LESS variables are defined with an at sign(@). Variable assignment is done with a colon (:).

During translation, the values of the variables are inserted into the output CSS document.

@color: #4D926F;
 
#header {
  color: @color;
}
h2 {
  color: @color;
}

The code above in LESS would compile to the following CSS code.

#header {
  color: #4D926F;
}
h2 {
  color: #4D926F;
}

Mixins

Mixins allow embedding all the properties of a class into another class by including the class name as one of its properties, thus behaving as a sort of constant or variable. They can also behave like functions, and take arguments. CSS does not support Mixins. Any repeated code must be repeated in each location. Mixins allow for more efficient and clean code repetitions, as well as easier alteration of code.

.rounded-corners (@radius: 5px) {
  border-radius: @radius;
  -webkit-border-radius: @radius;
  -moz-border-radius: @radius;
}
 
#header {
  .rounded-corners;
}
#footer {
  .rounded-corners(10px);
}

The above code in LESS would compile to the following CSS code:

#header {
  border-radius: 5px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 5px;
  -moz-border-radius: 5px;
}
#footer {
  border-radius: 10px;
  -webkit-border-radius: 10px;
  -moz-border-radius: 10px;
}

LESS has a special type of ruleset called parametric mixins which can be mixed in like classes, but accepts parameters.

Nesting

CSS supports logical nesting, but the code blocks themselves are not nested. LESS allows nesting of selectors inside other selectors. This makes inheritance clear and style sheets shorter.

#header {
  h1 {
    font-size: 26px;
    font-weight: bold;
  }
  p { 
    font-size: 12px;
    a { 
      text-decoration: none;
      &:hover { 
        border-width: 1px;
      }
    }
  }
}

The above code in LESS would compile to the following CSS code:

#header h1 {
  font-size: 26px;
  font-weight: bold;
}
#header p {
  font-size: 12px;
}
#header p a {
  text-decoration: none;
}
#header p a:hover {
  border-width: 1px;
}

Functions and operations

LESS allows operations and functions. Operations allow addition, subtraction, division and multiplication of property values and colors, which can be used to create complex relationships between properties. Functions map one-to-one with JavaScript code, allowing manipulation of values.

@the-border: 1px;
@base-color: #111;
@red:        #842210;
 
#header {
  color: @base-color * 3;
  border-left: @the-border;
  border-right: @the-border * 2;
}
#footer { 
  color: @base-color + #003300;
  border-color: desaturate(@red, 10%);
}

The above code in LESS would compile to the following CSS code:

#header {
  color: #333;
  border-left: 1px;
  border-right: 2px;
}
#footer { 
  color: #114411;
  border-color: #7d2717;
}

Comparison

Sass

Both Sass and LESS are CSS preprocessors, which allow writing clean CSS in a programming construct instead of static rules.

As of LESS 1.4, LESS supports nested, inherited rules via the &:extends and @extends pseudo-selector. Prior to this, a main difference between LESS and other preprocessors like Sass was the lack of an @extends directive to support inheritance of rules across classes, leading to cleaner CSS with less duplication.

LESS is inspired by Sass. Sass was designed to both simplify and extend CSS, so things like curly braces were removed from the syntax. LESS was designed to be as close to CSS as possible, so the syntax is identical to existing CSS code. As a result, existing CSS can be used as valid LESS code.

The newer versions of Sass also introduced a CSS-like syntax called SCSS (Sassy CSS).

For more syntax comparisons, see https://gist.github.com/674726.

Use on sites

LESS can be applied to sites in a number of ways. One option is to include the less.js JavaScript file to convert the code on-the-fly. The browser then renders the output CSS. Another option is to render the LESS code into pure CSS and upload the CSS to a site. With this option no .less files are uploaded and the site does not need the less.js JavaScript converter.

LESS Software

Name	Description	Software License	Platform	Functionality
WinLess	GUI LESS Compiler	Apache 2.0	Windows	Compiler
Crunch	LESS editor and compiler (requires Adobe AIR)	GPL	Windows, MacOSX	Compiler Editor
less.js-windows	Simple command-line utility for Windows that will compile *.less files to CSS using less.js.	MIT_License	Windows	Compiler
less.app	LESS Compiler	Proprietary	MacOSX	Compiler
CodeKit	LESS Compiler	Proprietary	MacOSX	Compiler
SimpLESS	LESS Compiler	free but no explicit license	Windows MacOSX Linux	Compiler
Chirpy	Compiles various JavaScript and CSS extension languages, including LESS	Ms-PL	Visual Studio Plugin	Compiler
Mindscape Web Workbench	Syntax highlighting and Intellisense for LESS (also Sass and CoffeeScript)	Proprietary	Visual Studio Plugin	Compiler Syntax Highlighting
Eclipse Plugin for LESS	Eclipse Plugin	EPL 1.0	Eclipse Plugin	Syntax highlighting Content assist
mod_less	Apache2 module to compile LESS on the fly	Open Source	Linux	Compiler

See also

• Sass (stylesheet language)
• Stylus (stylesheet language)

References

External links

• Official LESS website
• LESS source code repository (Git)
• LESS Hat mixins library
• Sai the mixins extension and CSS authoring framework for LESS & SASS/SCSS (Git)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

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English Journal

• Incidence of hip fractures in Germany, 1995-2010.

• Icks A, Arend W, Becker C, Rapp K, Jungbluth P, Haastert B.SourceDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 59, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. andrea.icks@uni-duesseldorf.de
• Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2013 Dec;8(1-2):140. doi: 10.1007/s11657-013-0140-5. Epub 2013 May 15.
• We analyzed hip fracture incidence trends in Germany in 1995-2010, using national hospital discharge register. Overall, after age-sex-region adjustment, there was no significant trend. However, stratified analyses showed a significant decrease in younger people. In the elderly, there was a moderate
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• da Silva MA, Cavalett A, Spinner A, Rosa DC, Jasper RB, Quecine MC, Bonatelli ML, Pizzirani-Kleiner A, Corção G, Lima AO.SourceCentro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC, CEP 88302202 Brazil.
• SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):127. Epub 2013 Mar 22.
• The deep-sea environments of the South Atlantic Ocean are less studied in comparison to the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. With the aim of identifying the deep-sea bacteria in this less known ocean, 70 strains were isolated from eight sediment samples (depth range between 1905 to 5560 m) collect
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Japanese Journal

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• Higashi Tomohiro,Sagara Takamasa
• Electrochimica Acta 114, 105-115, 2013-12-30
• … 180 mM, the transition step at less negative potential was ascribed to a phase transition between a gas-like adsorption layer of dBV dication (dBV2+) and a mesophase of dBV radical cation (dBV+). …
• NAID 120005351842

• Theoretical Analysis of Learning Speed in Gradient Descent Algorithm Replacing Derivative with Constant

• Kazuyuki Hara,Kentaro Katahira
• 情報処理学会論文誌. 数理モデル化と応用 6(3), 100-105, 2013-12-27
• … Beside this sophisticated method, we propose an algorithm that replaces the derivative term with a constant and show that this greatly increases convergence speed when the learning step size is less than 2.7, which is near the optimal learning step size. …
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• 水中ワイヤレスセンサネットワークにおける伝搬遅延を考慮したタイムスロットスケジューリング

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• NAID 110009656640

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「単孔式腹腔鏡下手術」
関連記事	「LES」「LE」「less」

「単孔式腹腔鏡下手術」

　　[★]

英

laparoendoscopic single-site surgery LESS

同

単孔式腹腔鏡手術。single incision laparoscopic surgery SILS

「LES」

　　[★]

• 下部食道括約筋 lower esophageal sphincter
• ランバート・イートン症候群 Lambert-Eaton syndrome

「LE」

　　[★] エリテマトーデス lupus erythematosus

「less」

　　[★]

• adv

• 少ない