| Methionine |
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Other names
2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid
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| Identifiers |
| Abbreviations |
Met, M |
| CAS number |
59-51-8 Y, 63-68-3 (L-isomer) Y, 348-67-4 (D-isomer) Y |
| PubChem |
876 |
| ChemSpider |
853 Y, 5907 (L-isomer) |
| UNII |
73JWT2K6T3 Y |
| EC-number |
200-432-1 |
| KEGG |
D04983 Y |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:16811 Y |
| ChEMBL |
CHEMBL42336 N |
| ATC code |
V03AB26,QA05BA90, QG04BA90 |
| Jmol-3D images |
Image 1
Image 2 |
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CSCCC(C(=O)O)N
CSCCC(C(=O)O)N
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InChI=1S/C5H11NO2S/c1-9-3-2-4(6)5(7)8/h4H,2-3,6H2,1H3,(H,7,8) Y
Key: FFEARJCKVFRZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/C5H11NO2S/c1-9-3-2-4(6)5(7)8/h4H,2-3,6H2,1H3,(H,7,8)
|
| Properties[2] |
| Molecular formula |
C5H11NO2S |
| Molar mass |
149.21 g mol−1 |
| Appearance |
White crystalline powder |
| Density |
1.340 g/cm3 |
| Melting point |
281 °C decomp. |
| Solubility in water |
Soluble |
| Acidity (pKa) |
2.28 (carboxyl), 9.21 (amino)[1] |
| Supplementary data page |
Structure and
properties |
n, εr, etc. |
Thermodynamic
data |
Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data |
UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa) |
| N (verify) (what is: Y/N?) |
| Infobox references |
|
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Methionine (// or //; abbreviated as Met or M)[3] is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. This amino-acid is coded by the initiation codon AUG which indicates mRNA's coding region where translation into protein begins.
Contents
- 1 Function
- 2 Zwitterions
- 3 Biosynthesis
- 4 Other biochemical pathways
- 4.1 Generation of homocysteine
- 4.2 Regeneration of methionine
- 4.3 Conversion to cysteine
- 5 Synthesis
- 6 Dietary sources
- 7 Methionine restriction
- 8 Other uses
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Function
Together with cysteine, methionine is one of two sulfur-containing proteinogenic amino acids. Its derivative S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) serves as a methyl donor. Methionine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cysteine, carnitine, taurine, lecithin, phosphatidylcholine, and other phospholipids. Improper conversion of methionine can lead to atherosclerosis.[4]
This amino acid is also used by plants for synthesis of ethylene. The process is known as the Yang Cycle or the methionine cycle.
Methionine is one of only two amino acids encoded by a single codon (AUG) in the standard genetic code (tryptophan, encoded by UGG, is the other). The codon AUG is also the most common eukaryote "Start" message for a ribosome that signals the initiation of protein translation from mRNA when the AUG codon is in a Kozak consensus sequence. As a consequence, methionine is often incorporated into the N-terminal position of proteins in eukaryotes and archaea during translation, although it can be removed by post-translational modification. In bacteria, the derivative N-formylmethionine is used as the initial amino acid.
Loss of methionine has been linked to senile greying of hair. Its lack leads to a buildup of hydrogen peroxide in hair follicles, a reduction in tyrosinase effectiveness and a gradual loss of hair color. [5]
Zwitterions
(
S)-Methionine (left) and (
R)-methionine (right) in zwitterionic form at neutral pH
Biosynthesis
As an essential amino acid, methionine is not synthesized de novo in humans, who must ingest methionine or methionine-containing proteins. In plants and microorganisms, methionine is synthesized via a pathway that uses both aspartic acid and cysteine. First, aspartic acid is converted via β-aspartyl-semialdehyde into homoserine, introducing the pair of contiguous methylene groups. Homoserine converts to O-succinyl homoserine, which then reacts with cysteine to produce cystathionine, which is cleaved to yield homocysteine. Subsequent methylation of the thiol group by folates affords methionine. Both cystathionine-γ-synthase and cystathionine-β-lyase require pyridoxyl-5'-phosphate as a cofactor, whereas homocysteine methyltransferase requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor.[6]
Enzymes involved in methionine biosynthesis:
- Aspartokinase
- Aspartate-semialdehyde_dehydrogenase
- Homoserine dehydrogenase
- Homoserine O-transsuccinylase
- Cystathionine-γ-synthase
- Cystathionine-β-lyase
- Methionine synthase (in mammals, this step is performed by Homocysteine methyltransferase or Betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase)
Other biochemical pathways
Although mammals cannot synthesize methionine, they can still use it in a variety of biochemical pathways:
Generation of homocysteine
Methionine is converted to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) by (1) methionine adenosyltransferase.
SAM serves as a methyl-donor in many (2) methyltransferase reactions, and is converted to S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH).
(3) Adenosylhomocysteinase converts SAH to homocysteine.
There are two fates of homocysteine: it can be used to regenerate methionine, or to form cysteine.
Regeneration of methionine
Methionine can be regenerated from homocysteine via (4) methionine synthase in a reaction that requires Vitamin B12 as a cofactor.
Homocysteine can also be remethylated using glycine betaine (NNN-trimethyl glycine, TMG) to methionine via the enzyme betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (E.C.2.1.1.5, BHMT). BHMT makes up to 1.5% of all the soluble protein of the liver, and recent evidence suggests that it may have a greater influence on methionine and homocysteine homeostasis than methionine synthase.
Conversion to cysteine
Homocysteine can be converted to cysteine.
- (5) Cystathionine-β-synthase (a PLP-dependent enzyme) combines homocysteine and serine to produce cystathionine. Instead of degrading cystathionine via cystathionine-β-lyase, as in the biosynthetic pathway, cystathionine is broken down to cysteine and α-ketobutyrate via (6) cystathionine-γ-lyase.
- (7) The enzyme α-ketoacid dehydrogenase converts α-ketobutyrate to propionyl-CoA, which is metabolized to succinyl-CoA in a three-step process (see propionyl-CoA for pathway).
Synthesis
Racemic methionine can be synthesized from diethyl sodium phthalimidomalonate by alkylation with chloroethylmethylsulfide (ClCH2CH2SCH3) followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation.[7]
Dietary sources
Food sources of Methionine[8]
| Food |
g/100g |
| Egg, white, dried, powder, glucose reduced |
3.204 |
| Sesame seeds flour (low fat) |
1.656 |
| Egg, whole, dried |
1.477 |
| Cheese, Parmesan, shredded |
1.114 |
| Brazil nuts |
1.008 |
| Soy protein concentrate |
0.814 |
| Chicken, broilers or fryers, roasted |
0.801 |
| Fish, tuna, light, canned in water, drained solids |
0.755 |
| Beef, cured, dried |
0.749 |
| Bacon |
0.593 |
| Beef, ground, 95% lean meat / 5% fat, raw |
0.565 |
| Pork, ground, 96% lean / 4% fat, raw |
0.564 |
| Wheat germ |
0.456 |
| Oat |
0.312 |
| Peanuts |
0.309 |
| Chickpea |
0.253 |
| Corn, yellow |
0.197 |
| Almonds |
0.151 |
| Beans, pinto, cooked |
0.117 |
| Lentils, cooked |
0.077 |
| Rice, brown, medium-grain, cooked |
0.052 |
High levels of methionine can be found in eggs, sesame seeds, Brazil nuts, fish, meats and some other plant seeds; methionine is also found in cereal grains. Most fruits and vegetables contain very little of it. Most legumes are also low in methionine. However, it is the combination of methionine + cystine which is considered for completeness of a protein. (Source: Nutritiondata.com) Racemic methionine is sometimes added as an ingredient to pet foods.[9]
Methionine restriction
There is scientific evidence that restricting methionine consumption can increase lifespans in some animals.[10]
A 2005 study showed methionine restriction without energy restriction extends mouse lifespan.[11]
A study published in Nature showed adding just the essential amino acid methionine to the diet of fruit flies under dietary restriction, including restriction of essential amino acids (EAAs), restored fertility without reducing the longer lifespans that are typical of dietary restriction, leading the researchers to determine that methionine “acts in combination with one or more other EAAs to shorten lifespan.”[12][13]
Several studies showed that methionine restriction also inhibits aging-related disease processes in mice[14][15] and inhibits colon carcinogenesis in rats.[16] In humans, methionine restriction through dietary modification could be achieved through a vegan diet. Veganism being a completely plant based diet is typically very low in methionine, however certain nuts and legumes may provide higher levels.[17]
A 2009 study on rats showed "methionine supplementation in the diet specifically increases mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial DNA oxidative damage in rat liver mitochondria offering a plausible mechanism for its hepatotoxicity".[18]
However, since methionine is an essential amino acid, it should not be entirely removed from animals' diets without disease or death occurring over time. For example, rats fed a diet without methionine developed steatohepatitis (fatty liver), anemia and lost two thirds of their body weight over 5 weeks. Administration of methionine ameliorated the pathological consequences of methionine deprivation.[19]
Other uses
DL-Methionine is sometimes given as a supplement to dogs; it helps keep dogs from damaging grass by reducing the pH of the urine.[20][unreliable source?]
Methionine is allowed as a supplement to organic poultry feed under the US certified organic program.[21]
See also
- Allantoin
- Formylmethionine
- Methionine oxidation
- Paracetamol poisoning - A Methionine-Paracetamol preparation that might prevent hepatotoxicity.
- Photo-reactive methionine
References
- ^ Dawson, R.M.C. et al. (1959). Data for Biochemical Research. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. C-374. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8. .
- ^ "Nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides (IUPAC-IUB Recommendations 1983)", Pure Appl. Chem. 56 (5), 1984: 595–624, doi:10.1351/pac198456050595
- ^ Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygård O, Vollset SE; Ueland; Nygård; Vollset (1998). "Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Disease". Annual review of medicine 49 (1): 31–62. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.31.
- ^ Wood, J.M., et al. (2009). Senile hair graying: H2O2-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair color by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair. FASEB J. 2009 Jul;23(7):2065-75. doi: 10.1096/fj.08-125435. Epub 2009 Feb 23.
- ^ Lehninger, Albert L.; Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2000), Principles of Biochemistry (3rd ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman, ISBN 1-57259-153-6
- ^ Barger, G.; Weichselbaum, T. E. (1934), "dl-Methionine", Org. Synth. 14: 58 ; Coll. Vol. 2: 384
- ^ National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-09-07 .
- ^ Liz Palika. New York: Howell Book House. 1996. ISBN 0-87605-467-X.
- ^ Alleyne, Richard (2009-12-03). "Vegetarian low protein diet could be key to long life". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2010-05-12.
- ^ Miller, Richard A.; Buehner, Gretchen; Chang, Yayi; Harper, James M.; Sigler, Robert; Smith-Wheelock, Michael (2005). "Methionine-deficient diet extends mouse lifespan, slows immune and lens aging, alters glucose, T4, IGF-I and insulin levels, and increases hepatocyte MIF levels and stress resistance". Aging cell 4 (3): 119–125. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2005.00152.x. PMID 15924568. .
- ^ Grandison, R. C.; Piper, M. D. W.; Partridge, L. (2009). "Amino acid imbalance explains extension of lifespan by dietary restriction in Drosophila". Nature 462 (7276): 1061–1064. Bibcode:2009Natur.462.1061G. doi:10.1038/nature08619. PMC 2798000. PMID 19956092. Lay summary. edit
- ^ "Amino acid recipe could be right for long life". Science News. December 2, 2009.
- ^ Richie Jr, JP; Leutzinger, Y; Parthasarathy, S; Malloy, V; Orentreich, N; Zimmerman, JA (1994). "Methionine restriction increases blood glutathione and longevity in F344 rats". FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 8 (15): 1302–7. PMID 8001743.
- ^ Life-Span Extension in Mice by Preweaning Food Restriction and by Methionine Restriction in Middle Age
- ^ Komninou, Despina; Leutzinger, Yvonne; Reddy, Bandaru S.; Richie Jr., John P. (2006). "Methionine Restriction Inhibits Colon Carcinogenesis". Nutrition and Cancer 54 (2): 202–8. doi:10.1207/s15327914nc5402_6. PMID 16898864.
- ^ Cavuoto, Paul, and Michael F. Fenech. "A review of methionine dependency and the role of methionine restriction in cancer growth control and life-span extension." Cancer treatment reviews 38.6 (2012): 726-736.
- ^ Gomez, J; Caro, P; Sanchez, I; Naudi, A; Jove, M; Portero-Otin, M; Lopez-Torres, M; Pamplona, R et al. (2009). "Effect of methionine dietary supplementation on mitochondrial oxygen radical generation and oxidative DNA damage in rat liver and heart". Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 41 (3): 309–21. doi:10.1007/s10863-009-9229-3. PMID 19633937.
- ^ Oz HS, Chen TS, Neuman M (2008). "Methionine deficiency and hepatic injury in a dietary steatohepatitis model". Digestive Diseases and Sciences 53 (3): 767–776. doi:10.1007/s10620-007-9900-7. PMC 2271115. PMID 17710550.
- ^ "Burn Baby Burn! Grass Burns from Dog Urine". About.Com. Retrieved 2010-02-15
- ^ Federal Register. US. Retrieved 2011-03-12 .
External links
- Rudra, M. N.; Chowdhury, L. M. (30 September 1950). "Methionine Content of Cereals and Legumes". Nature 166 (568): 568. Bibcode:1950Natur.166..568R. doi:10.1038/166568a0
- Food Sources of Methionine
- Foods containing methionine
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The 20 common amino acids
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| General topics |
- Protein
- Peptide
- Genetic code
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| By properties |
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Aliphatic
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- Branched-chain amino acids (Valine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine)
- Methionine
- Alanine
- Proline
- Glycine
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Aromatic
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- Phenylalanine
- Tyrosine
- Tryptophan
- Histidine
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Polar, uncharged
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- Asparagine
- Glutamine
- Serine
- Threonine
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Positive charge (pKa)
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- Lysine (≈10.8)
- Arginine (≈12.5)
- Histidine (≈6.1)
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Negative charge (pKa)
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- Aspartic acid (≈3.9)
- Glutamic acid (≈4.1)
- Cysteine (≈8.3)
- Tyrosine (≈10.1)
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| Other classifications |
- Essential amino acid
- Ketogenic amino acid
- Glucogenic amino acid
- Non-proteinogenic amino acid
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- Biochemical families: carbohydrates
- alcohols
- glycoproteins
- glycosides
- lipids
- eicosanoids
- fatty acids / intermediates
- glycerides
- phospholipids
- sphingolipids
- steroids
- nucleic acids
- constituents / intermediates
- proteins
- Amino acids / intermediates
- tetrapyrroles / intermediates
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Antidotes (V03AB)
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Nervous
system |
Nerve agent /
Organophosphate
poisoning |
- Atropine#
- Biperiden
- Diazepam#
- Oximes
- see also: Cholinesterase
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Barbiturate
overdose
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Benzodiazepine
overdose
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GHB overdose
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Opioid overdose
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- Diprenorphine
- Doxapram
- Nalmefene
- Nalorphine
- Naloxone#
- Naltrexone
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Reversal of
neuromuscular blockade
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Circulatory
system |
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Beta blocker
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Digoxin toxicity
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Heparin
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| Other |
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Arsenic poisoning
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Cyanide poisoning
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- 4-Dimethylaminophenol
- Hydroxocobalamin
- nitrite
- Amyl nitrite
- Sodium nitrite#
- Sodium thiosulfate#
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Hydrofluoric acid
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Methanol /
Ethylene glycol
poisoning |
- Primary alcohols: Ethanol
- Fomepizole
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Paracetamol toxicity
(Acetaminophen)
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- Acetylcysteine#
- Glutathione
- Methionine#
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- Dimercaprol#
- Edetates
- Prussian blue#
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Other
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- iodine-131
- Methylthioninium chloride#
- oxidizing agent
- Prednisolone/promethazine
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| Emetic |
- Copper sulfate
- Ipecacuanha
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- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
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Amino acid metabolism metabolic intermediates
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| K→acetyl-CoA |
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lysine→
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- Saccharopine
- Allysine
- α-Aminoadipic acid
- α-Aminoadipate
- Glutaryl-CoA
- Glutaconyl-CoA
- Crotonyl-CoA
- β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
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leucine→
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- α-Ketoisocaproic acid
- Isovaleryl-CoA
- 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
- 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
- HMG-CoA
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tryptophan→alanine→
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- N'-Formylkynurenine
- Kynurenine
- Anthranilic acid
- 3-Hydroxykynurenine
- 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
- 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde
- 2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde
- 2-Aminomuconic acid
- Glutaryl-CoA
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| G |
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G→pyruvate→citrate
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glycine→serine→
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- glycine→creatine: Glycocyamine
- Phosphocreatine
- Creatinine
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G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate
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histidine→
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- Urocanic acid
- Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid
- Formiminoglutamic acid
- Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
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proline→
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- 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
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arginine→
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- Ornithine
- Putrescine
- Agmatine
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other
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- cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: γ-Glutamylcysteine
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G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA
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valine→
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- α-Ketoisovaleric acid
- Isobutyryl-CoA
- Methacrylyl-CoA
- 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA
- 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
- 2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
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isoleucine→
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- 2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
- 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA
- Tiglyl-CoA
- 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA
|
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methionine→
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- generation of homocysteine: S-Adenosyl methionine
- S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
- Homocysteine
- conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine
- alpha-Ketobutyric acid+Cysteine
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threonine→
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propionyl-CoA→
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G→fumarate
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phenylalanine→tyrosine→
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- 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
- Homogentisic acid
- 4-Maleylacetoacetic acid
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G→oxaloacetate
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| Other |
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mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
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k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
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m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
|
|
- Biochemical families: carbohydrates
- alcohols
- glycoproteins
- glycosides
- lipids
- eicosanoids
- fatty acids / intermediates
- glycerides
- phospholipids
- sphingolipids
- steroids
- nucleic acids
- constituents / intermediates
- proteins
- Amino acids / intermediates
- tetrapyrroles / intermediates
|
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